scholarly journals Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness by Philip Goff

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
George Robert Williams III
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
New Science ◽  
David Chalmers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taste And Smell

A new book by Philip Goff, Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness, accomplishes a number of notable things. Perhaps foremost, Goff provides an excellent overview of the debate on consciousness for a wide audience with little or no background in philosophy. He guides the reader through the various frameworks that include dualism, physicalism, and panpsychism. Goff’s Galileo’s Error thus provides an excellent introduction for anyone with interest in the growing science of consciousness. However, Goff does promote a particular angle. As a professor of philosophy at Durham University, Goff has followed the arguments of David Chalmers and others that materialistic explanations ultimately fail to explain consciousness. Like Chalmers, Professor Goff believes that in order to find a successful explanation, we will likely choose a direction that takes consciousness as fundamental in some sense. Toward this end, Goff has also become a leading advocate for panpsychism, the view that the ultimate particles that constitute our world have a mental aspect.However, Goff’s book also provides an important contribution regarding the philosophy of science. By examining science’s development at an early stage, especially Galileo’s role, Goff addresses an important aspect to the current debate on consciousness. And attention on the role of philosophy in science is also important, given the recent bashing philosophy has been handed by some scientists. To make progress on consciousness, Goff argues we will likely need to do some hard thinking and reexamine some of our core assumptions. He provides many examples to demonstrate that often what is required is time spent thinking and rethinking the problem, perhaps in contrast to voices who emphasize just getting on with the lab or field work.But what exactly is Galileo’s error, you might be wondering? Most of us recognize that Galileo played a pivotal role in ushering in the scientific revolution through emphasizing testing theories by observation. But as Goff notes, central to Galileo’s contribution was his emphasis on specific characteristics that could be quantified—size, shape, location, and motion. And this meant removing such qualities that we experience directly, such as taste and smell, out of the domain of inquiry. That is, Galileo pragmatically sought to remove inherently subjective matters that could not fit into a quantitative framework. This has brought mixed fruit. Science, as conceived by Galileo, is widely seen as one of the most successful developments in the history of thought. The focus on subjects that could be analyzed mathematically has led to true triumphs in understanding as well as abundant applications that have transformed the physical world.

scholarly journals The Roles of Mathematics in the History of Science: The Mathematization Thesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ciro Tomazella Ferreira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of

In this paper, we present an analysis of the evolution of the history of science as a discipline focusing on the role of the mathematization of nature as a historiographical perspective. Our study is centered in the mathematization thesis, which considers the rise of a mathematical approach of nature in the 17th century as being the most relevant event for scientific development. We begin discussing Edmund Husserl whose work, despite being mainly philosophical, is relevant for having affected the emergence of the narrative of the mathematization of nature and due to its influence on Alexandre Koyré. Next, we explore Koyré, Dijksterhuis, and Burtt’s works, the historians from the 20th century responsible for the elaboration of the main narratives about the Scientific Revolution that put the mathematization of science as the protagonist of the new science. Then, we examine the reframing of the mathematization thesis with the narrative of two traditions developed by Thomas S. Kuhn and Richard Westfall, in which the mathematization of nature shares space with other developments taken as equally relevant. We conclude presenting contemporary critical perspectives on the mathematization thesis and its capacity for synthesizing scientific development.

The "Sceptical Crisis" Reconsidered: Galen, Rational Medicine and the Libertas Philosophandi

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Maclean
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Science ◽  
Sextus Empiricus ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis paper reassesses the role of sceptical thinking in the emergence of the new science of the seventeenth century, in the context of the seminal but contestable History of Scepticism by Richard Popkin. It investigates the anti-sceptical essay by Galen De optimo modo docendi (on the best method of teaching), which was retranslated in the sixteenth century by Erasmus and later published as an adjunct to the works of Sextus Empiricus, in order to highlight the currency of ideas about hyperbolic doubt, and links this to the long tradition of free enquiry (libertas philosophandi) in which doubting authority is seen as a profitable exercise closely associated with the independence of philosophy from theological domination; and it argues that this long tradition (along with a number of other factors) played an important role in the emergence of the new science.

scholarly journals Religious Knowledge of Abai

Turkology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (104) ◽  
pp. 106-119
Author(s):  
D. Kenzhetayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Existentialist Philosophy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

Recognition of the heritage of Abai from the point of view of Islamic theology and philosophy, the Muslim and civilizational nature of the Kazakh people is a very urgent issue. It is important to reveal the place and role of Abai's heritage in order to give a scientific and historical assessment of the traces of modern Kazakh religious knowledge and religious experience. Therefore, a holistic consideration of the concepts and categorical complex in the works of Abai and its differentiation with systemic historical and philosophical forms make it possible to recognize his existential and religious and civilizational appearance. The article examines the opinion of mankind against those who want to explain the general views of Abai with the templates of existentialist philosophy, referring to well-known representatives of an important layer about being in the history of thought. In his review of the history of philosophy, as well as in the question of what essence is, Abai stressed the importance of the truth underlying the definition of love as a single meaning.

scholarly journals PENDIDIKAN KOLONIAL DAN POLITIK ASOSIASI: KAJIAN ATAS MEMOAR PANGERAN ARIA ACHMAD DJAJADININGRAT (1877-1943)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Iim Imadudin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Government Official ◽  
Charismatic Leader ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dutch East Indies

AbstrakPenulisan artikel ini didasari perdebatan bagaimana sesungguhnya peranan para pangreh praja didikan Barat dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan. Oleh karena berada dalam pemerintahan Hindia Belanda, mereka dianggap tidak berkontribusi dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan. Bahkan, mereka dianggap merintangi gerak langkah kaum pergerakan sehingga sering dianggap sebagai lawan politik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap sejarah pemikiran dan mentalitas dari salah seorang bupati  terkemuka pribumi asal Banten, Ahmad Djajadiningrat, melalui memoarnya yang berjudul Memoar Pangeran Aria Djajadiningrat. Pangeran Aria Ahmad Djajadiningrat mengikuti pendidikan mulai dari HIS, ELS, hingga HBS di Batavia. Berbagai jabatan di pemerintahan diembannya, mulai dari bupati, anggota Volksraad, mindere welvaart comissie, hingga anggota Raad van Indie. Penelitian ini mempergunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Ahmad Djajadiningrat di satu sisi menjadi pemimpin tradisional yang kharismatis dan aparat pemerintah yang loyal, namun di sisi lain bersikap kritis terhadap kebijakan pemerintah Hindia Belanda dan mendorong berkembangnya pergerakan nasional di tanah Banten. AbstractThe writing of this article is based on the actual debate on what the role of Western-based education of pangreh pradja is in the struggle for independence. Because it is in the Dutch East Indies, they are considered not to be contributing to the struggle for independence. In fact, they were considered to hinder the movement of the steps that are often regarded as political opponents. This study aims to reveal the history of thought and mentality of anative and famousleader from Banten, Ahmad Djajadiningrat, through his memoirs entitled Memoirs of Prince Aria Djajadiningrat. The Prince Aria Ahmad Djajadiningrat started his education in HIS, ELS, to HBS in Batavia.  The various positions in government was held, ranging from the regents, members of the Volksraad, mindere Welvaart comissie, until become a member of the Raad van Indie. This study uses historical method which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results shows that Ahmad Djajadiningrat isa traditional charismatic leader and a loyal government official. On the other hand, he is critical to the Dutch East Indies government policies and encouraging the development of a national movement in Banten.

The Early History of Printing in the Ottoman Empire through the Prism of Mobility

DIYÂR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Taisiya Leber
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early History ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of

This paper aims to examine the early stage of printing in the Ottoman Empire, focusing on mobile actors, tools and ideas. Which role did mobility play in the life of printers? How did it influence their professional life and how was it reflected in prefaces or afterwords of their printed books? The first Jewish, Serbian, Armenian, Greek and Muslim printers in the Ottoman Empire were foreign-born (Spain, Italy, England, France). Many of them had to remain mobile within and beyond the empire in order to escape persecution, religious censorship, business competition etc. Where did the knowledge of printing come from and how did it circulate? Were there any contacts between printers of different religious backgrounds and what role did the question of language and multilingualism play? By introducing case studies that originate from the early phase of printing in the Ottoman Empire (Sephardic legal code ʾArbaʿa Ṭurim, Constantinople 1493) until the first decades of the eighteenth century (İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa’s printing activities), this article will mainly focus on the aspect of mobility in a Transottoman context. It will show the role of networks and connections between the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Europe for the development and spreading of book printing among Ottoman Jews and Christians.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF E. M. MELETINSKY TO THE CAUCASIAN EPOS STUDIES. ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF THE SCHOLAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Zurab D. Dzhapua ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Cultural Hero

The article analyses the contribution of Meletinsky to Caucasian epic studies. The role of Caucasian epic traditions in the study of the problem of the origins and the early forms of the epos is considered. A significant number of the comparative-typological studies of Meletinsky are based on the materials of mythoepic cultures of Caucasus mountain people. The scholar singled out the Caucasian epics, along with some other traditions, as the special early stage in the history of the epic. Meletinsky was one of the pioneers in the fundamental studies of the Caucasian Nart epics. Based on the analysis of materials available to him at that time, Meletinsky comes to the fundamental conclusions on the genre nature, national versions, images, subjects and motifs of the Nart epic. The scholar considered Sataney and Sasrykua to be the earliest characters in the epic, whose images clearly reflected the features of a cultural hero, especially in the close Abkhaz and Adyg versions. Furthermore, according to Meletinsky, the Transcaucasian legends about the chained heroes – Abkhaz Abryskil, Armenian Mger and Georgian Amiran – represent a kind of interweaving of mythological epic and heroic tales, in which the motives of cultural exploits are largely supplanted by episodes of the heroic struggle with Giants. In the studies of Meletinsky, the epic traditions of the people of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia are subjected to the deepest analysis at a very high level of comparative studies.

scholarly journals The Explosive Potential of Artistic Activism: Factors – Functions – Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Jovovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
Art Activism ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Shed Light

This article considers the change in artistic means in the digital globalised world and the development of art actionism as a new inter-genre. The author provides an overview and comparison of the key actions of protest events in Russia, also focusing on some South Slavic practices. Additionally, the article analyses incentive impulses, ways of realisation, and the social response to the most impressive art actions. The correlation of the aesthetic and utilitarian component of events is the main goal of the research, as well as the assessment of their political potential. The paper uses cultural, semiotic, and interdisciplinary methods trying to clarify the phenomenon of protest culture, the role of urban space in it, and the development of protest techniques. The author mainly refers to electronic resources containing materials of the most prominent art activists. The methodological basis of the study is research on the culture of protest by А. Epstein, A. Etkind, A. Rosenholm, Irina Savkina, and others. The programmes of art group leaders help shed light on the topic. There are two basic directions of subversive actions of art actionism within Slavic cultures: emancipatory and traditional. The author concludes that their character correlates with the official ideological policy of the state and focuses on the promotion of the artist’s opinion. The dynamism of protest practices is characterised by intermediality and liminality, and their reliance on popular culture makes the path from the sender to a wide audience the shortest. As a result of the analysis of the connection with traditional left revolutionary and artistic practices, it is concluded that art activism intensively uses the memory of the greatest revolutionary events as an artistic decoration and an ideological means of encouraging subversion. The indissolubility of the life and art of art activists gives rise to a new type of artistic creation of one’s own life in the history of Russian culture. The ideological goals of the analysed direction contribute to democratic changes and the conquest of human freedoms.

The role of the International Institute of Teachers College in the founding history of American comparative education

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-452
Author(s):  
Liping Bu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Education ◽  
Comparative Education ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
Comparative And International Education ◽  
History Of

Comparative and international education intersects with international relations, international development and modernization, and domestic political, cultural, and economic concerns. Therefore, the history of comparative and international education must be understood in a larger historical context. This article engages the current debate on the founding history of American comparative and international education. It addresses specifically the role of the International Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University in the formation of comparative education as a formal academic field in America. Of particular importance is the investigation of the immediate social and cultural concerns in post-World War I America that informed the motivation and purposes of expanding international education and comparative studies of different nations’ educational ideas, practices, conditions, and systems. A closer look at the founding leaders’ views on the relations of different cultures in terms of social progress further sheds light on how education was perceived as a tool for social change and the extension of American values across the globe.

scholarly journals Surgical Techniques and Risk of Postoperative Recurrence in CD: A Game Changer?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gaetano Luglio ◽  
Toru Kono
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Postoperative Recurrence ◽  
Primary Surgery ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Since its first description, the role of surgery in Crohn’s disease (CD) has always been controversial; in fact, it has been mainly considered as a gastroenterological disease for long time. Nevertheless, despite great advances in medical therapy, up to 70–80% of patients with CD will require surgery in their lifetime and up to 30% of them will undergo repeated surgeries due to recurrences. For these reasons, the idea of surgery as a tool in the therapeutic armamentarium to consider even in the early stage of the disease has progressively spread in the last decades, even corroborated by reports showing how primary surgery is able to definitively treat around half of the patients at long-term follow-up. More surgeons are nowadays more and more involved in developing techniques to reduce recurrences that have always been considered as part of the natural history of the disease so far. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> In this review, we will go through the role of surgery in the management of CD, showing the potential benefits of an early surgical approach as well as the impact of surgical research in the natural history of the disease. From this standpoint, we will show the role of different anastomotic configurations, emphasizing how more and more data are definitively establishing the impact of the novel Kono-S anastomosis in reducing endoscopic and surgical recurrence. Mesentery-based surgery is a novel and appealing surgical perspective, but more data are required. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Surgery has demonstrated to be a crucial tool in the therapeutic armamentarium for the management of CD. Early surgery and novel surgical techniques, such as the Kono-S anastomosis, may have an impact on the natural history of the disease, including the possibility to prevent recurrences.

scholarly journals The pre-history of quantum computation

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Ideas

The main ideas behind developments in the theory and technology of quantum computation were formulated in the late 1970s and early 1980s by two physicists in the West and a mathematician in the former Soviet Union. It is not generally known in the West that the subject has roots in the Russian technical literature. The idea, as propagated by Benioff and (especially) Feynman, is reviewed along with the proposition of a foundation for this kind of computation by Manin in the Russian literature. The author hopes to present as impartial a synthesis as possible of the early history of thought on this subject. The role of reversible and irreversible computational processes will be examined briefly as it relates to the origins of quantum computing and the so-called Information Paradox in physics. Information theory and physics, as this paradox shows, have much to communicate to each other.

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