scholarly journals Opportunity and Challenge of Organic Certification System in Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta Rana Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Regional Collaboration ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Agriculture And Environment ◽  
Quality Of Products

The demand for organic certification is gradually increasing in Nepal although it is in early stage. Organic certification is a written assurance given by an independent third party about the production methodology and quality of products to confirm special requirements. Certification brings opportunities for protection of local resources, better market access, improvement of worker and consumer health, and eventually enhancement of living conditions of rural communities. The demanding nature of regulatory requirements makes it difficult as well as expensive for local certification initiatives in developing markets to establish themselves to offer export certification. Certification cost, limited awareness of group certification, small and medium-sized farms and inadequate understanding of how organic certification works are some of the constraints for organic certification. Certification Alliance (Cert All), a regional collaboration in certification representing national and international organic certification bodies, addresses the aforementioned challenges. The alliance has recognized the value of collaborating instead of competing. Organic Certification Nepal (OCN), a part of Cert All, offers an internationally accredited inspection and certification service to local operators at a reasonable cost. This paper highlights certification process followed by OCN and potential challenges and opportunities it will likely face.Key words: Organic Agriculture; Standards; Inspection; Certification; HarmonizationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 144-149

scholarly journals Planned relocation in Peru: advancing from well-meant legislation to good practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
Strategic Solution

AbstractAlong Peru’s rainforest rivers, rising flood extremes are increasingly exceeding coping capacities of vulnerable households. Peru has detailed legislation that embraces planned relocation as a strategic solution to such situations and various relocation projects are underway across the country. This research brief analyzes well-being consequences for two communities requesting relocation, using qualitative data collected from experts and 30 affected people. Initial results emphasize that weak governance, poverty, third-party involvement, and community action have influenced relocation outcomes. Delays and fragmented implementation have threatened people’s well-being. One community, waiting for land to relocate since 2015, has suffered from continued hazard exposure, deteriorated material conditions, and reduced subjective well-being. The second community achieved relocation only after a decade in detrimental limbo. Although livelihood challenges persist, its inhabitants now benefit from better market access and decreased exposure, leading to higher subjective well-being. With rising needs for relocation worldwide, the cases highlight that detailed legislation is not sufficient to safeguard people’s well-being. Advancing from well-meant legislation to good practice requires adequate institutional capacity, effective mechanisms for oversight and accountability, better engagement of third parties, and dedicated efforts to strengthen community agency.

scholarly journals Allosuppressor and allohelper T cells in acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease. V. F1 mice with secondary chronic GVHD contain F1-reactive allohelper but no allosuppressor T cells.

1984 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
S T Pals ◽  
H Gleichmann ◽  
E Gleichmann
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chronic Gvhd ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Graft Vs Host Disease ◽  
Donor T Cells ◽  
Split Tolerance ◽  
B10 Cells

We studied the alloreactive properties of donor T cells obtained from F1 mice that had recovered from the allosuppression of acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) and showed mild symptoms of chronic GVHD, i.e., so-called secondary chronic GVHD. To this end, we used (B10 x DBA/2)F1 mice that had been injected with 10(8) B10 spleen cells 100-150 d previously. Such GVHD F1 mice were repopulated by lympho-hematopoietic cells of donor (B10) origin, which exhibited split tolerance towards the host: Whereas F1-specific donor T helper (Th) cells as well as T cells proliferating in the mixed lymphocyte reaction were readily demonstrable, F1-specific T suppressor (Ts) and T killer (Tk) cells were not, or were hardly, detectable; responses against third-party alloantigens were normal. Upon adoptive transfer to nonirradiated secondary recipients, the B10 cells obtained from the repopulated GVH F1 mice induced F1-specific enlargement of the draining popliteal lymph node and enhancement of the IgG formation therein. B10 cells of the same kind were unable, however, to induce lethal GVHD upon transfer to 950 rad-irradiated secondary (B10 x DBA/2)F1 recipients. We conclude that alloactivated donor Ts/Tk cells disappear from the host at a relatively early stage of GVHD, i.e., at the end of acute GVHD , presumably because they are short-lived. By contrast, the longevity of alloactivated donor Th cells causes the symptoms of secondary chronic GVHD.

scholarly journals Midwifery Practice and Education: Current Challenges and Opportunities

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Walker ◽  
Barbara Lannen ◽  
Debra Rossie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Prescriptive Authority ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Midwifery Education ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Nurse Midwives ◽  
Restrictive Legislation ◽  
Third Party Reimbursement

Midwifery clinical practice and education has changed significantly since Mary Breckinridge first introduced nurse-midwives to the United States in 1925. This article discusses current challenges in midwifery clinical practice and education and proposes possible solutions. Midwifery clinical challenges include restrictive legislation and business-related barriers, including but not limited to physician supervision restrictions, prescriptive authority, out-of-hospital birth legislation, and third party reimbursement. Educational challenges highlighted include the current healthcare climate’s influence on midwifery education, the contribution of clinical sites and preceptors, and the benefits of midwifery education.

scholarly journals Assessing Land Use Planning Tools to Mitigate Odour and Lighting Nuisance Related to Cannabis Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Pugliese ◽  
Jordan Scholten ◽  
Samantha Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Planning Policies

Cannabis production has expanded significantly across southern Ontario with the legalisation of theindustry. Much of this expansion has occurred within the rural countryside, through the utilisation of existinggreenhouse infrastructure. While the growth of this sector provides economic benefits to rural communities, complaints from adjacent residents related to lighting and odour issues are common and mitigation of such issues is complex. Land use planning policies have been established across southern Ontario to manage the development of cannabis greenhouses; however, policies vary by region and countyand the appropriateness of these policies have not been tested. This study seeks to analyse municipalplanning policies that regulate cannabis production and understand the impacts of these policies on sector,adjacent land owners and rural communities. Planning policies will be analysed at the municipal, regional orcounty level, with the creation of a database to highlight consistency and differences between communities. Case studies will be utilised to gain better insights into the challenges and opportunities related to cannabis production and planning mitigation. This presentation will provide a summary of current research findings, including highlights of a municipal scan of zoning by-law policies and informalinsights into policy appeals in southern Ontario.

scholarly journals The reality of rurality : parent experiences with best start in two rural communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Graham
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Parent Experiences ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Rural Service Delivery

Human services literature from a variety of disciplines demonstrates that rural and urban communities pose different challenges and opportunities for service delivery; however, little research specifically explores early learning and care service delivery in rural communities. This qualitative study draws on a critical ecological systems perspective to examine the experiences of rural parents accessing services through a specific service delivery strategy, Best Start networks. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data gathered from two rural communities as part of a larger study examining parent experiences with Best Start in three communities across Ontario (Underwood, Killoran, & Webster, 2010). Three themes emerged that related specifically to the rural experience: (a) Opportunities for Social Interaction; (b) Accessibility of Services; and, (c) Impact of Personal Relationships. Results indicate that certain factors related to rural life and location affected parents' experiences with Best Start services. Drawing on the broadly defined concept of accessibility, implications for rural service delivery are discussed and recommendations for practice and future research are presented.

scholarly journals Community capacity for creativity based rural development in a developing country. Case studies from Indonesia.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tubagus Furqon Sofhani ◽  
◽  
Fikri Zul Fahmi ◽  
Dika Fajri Fiisabiillah ◽  
Brigitta Sadnya Wulandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Actor Networks

This paper aims to investigate the extent to which a rural community develops a capacity to support the establishment of a local creative economy despite various limitations. This study employs qualitative research methods in examining two villages in Indonesia, namely Kasongan and Krebet. Our findings show that the community capacity and actor networks potentially spark the development of rural economies. Local communities in both cases have utilized cultures and traditions as creative capitals, which were commercialized through communal entrepreneurship and mobilized by an organized network of creative actors. Social values, namely a strong sense of belonging, high shared values and strong emotional connections, are found to be the key factors that foster creative potentials, entrepreneurial capacity, and capacity for mobilization of local resources within the rural communities

Radical trachelectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. ijgc-2020-001782
Author(s):  
Blanca Segarra-Vidal ◽  
Jan Persson ◽  
Henrik Falconer
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Radical Trachelectomy ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Fertility Sparing Surgery ◽  
Fertility Sparing ◽  
Early Stage Cervical Cancer ◽  
Prospective Trials

Radical trachelectomy is the ‘cornerstone’ of fertility-sparing surgery in patients with early-stage cervical cancer wishing to preserve fertility. Growing evidence has demonstrated the oncologic safety and subsequent favorable pregnancy outcomes in well-selected cases. In the absence of prospective trials, the decision on the appropriate surgical approach (vaginal, open, or minimally invasive surgery) should be based on local resources and surgeons’ preferences. Radical trachelectomy has the potential to preserve fertility in a large proportion of women with early-stage cervical cancer. However, prematurity and premature rupture of membranes are common obstetric complications after radical trachelectomy for cervical cancer. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to optimize the balance between oncologic and obstetric outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of the technical, oncologic, and obstetric aspects of radical trachelectomy.

Start-Ups and Spin-Offs in Biotechnology Sector in Poland

Biotechnology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1293-1321
Author(s):  
Anna Białek-Jaworska ◽  
Renata Gabryelczyk
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Warsaw Stock Exchange ◽  
Business Line ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Start Ups

This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

The frontier of digital opportunity: Smart city implementation in small, rural and remote communities in Canada

Urban Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 004209801986366
Author(s):  
Zachary Spicer ◽  
Nicole Goodman ◽  
Nathan Olmstead
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
City Development ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Digital Divides ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Private And Public

Studies of ‘smart cities’ in Canada primarily focus on large cities but not small, rural and remote communities. As a result, we have a limited understanding of the incentive structures for smaller, remote and rural communities to pursue smart city development. This knowledge deficit is concerning, since the introduction of technology can hold a number of unique benefits for these communities, including easier connections to the rest of Canada and large urban centres, reputation building, improved service delivery and enhanced opportunities for residents. Drawing upon localised forms of knowledge creation, policy development theories, adoption and local competition literature and primary interviews with private and public officials, we examine the challenges and opportunities of ‘smart city’ implementation through case studies of small and rural municipalities in Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia and a remote community, Iqaluit, Nunavut. We find that collaboration is essential for rural and remote pursuit of smart city development and is necessary to counteract the limitations of capacity, scale and digital divides. Challenges aside, however, the primary rationale for adoption of smart city technology remains the same regardless of size: enhanced quality of life for residents and sustained community health.

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