scholarly journals Exploring the role that encoding and retrieval play in sampling effects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Ransom ◽  
Amy Perfors
Keyword(s):  
Cover Story ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

A growing body of literature suggests that making different sampling assumptions about how data are generated can lead to qualitatively different patterns of inference based on that data. However, relatively little is known about how sampling assumptions are represented or when they are incorporated. We report the results of a single category generalisation experiment aimed at exploring these issues. By systematically varying both the sampling cover story and whether it is given before or after the training stimuli we are able to determine whether encoding or retrieval issues drive the impact of sampling assumptions. We find that the sampling cover story affects generalisation when it is presented before the training stimuli, but not after, which we interpret in favour of an encoding account.

scholarly journals What do our sampling assumptions affect: how we encode data or how we reason from it?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Ransom ◽  
Andrew Perfors ◽  
Brett Hayes ◽  
Saoirse Connor Desai
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Inference ◽  
Cover Story ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

In describing how people generalize from observed samples of data to novel cases, theories of inductive inference have emphasized the learner's reliance on the contents of the sample. More recently, a growing body of literature suggests that different assumptions about how a data sample was generated can lead the learner to draw qualitatively different inferences on the basis of the same evidence. Yet relatively little is known about how and when these two sources of evidence are combined. For instance, do sampling assumptions affect how the sample contents are encoded, or is any influence exerted only at the point of retrieval when a decision is to be made? We report two experiments aimed at exploring this issue. By systematically varying both the sampling cover story and whether it is given before or after the training stimuli we are able to determine whether encoding or retrieval issues drive the impact of sampling assumptions. Across two experiments we find that the sampling cover story affects generalization when it is presented before the training stimuli, but not after, which we interpret in favor of an encoding account.

scholarly journals The Genomic Ecosystem of Transposable Elements in Maize

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle C. Stitzer ◽  
Sarah N. Anderson ◽  
Nathan M. Springer ◽  
Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Genomic Environment ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Impact

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute the majority of flowering plant DNA, reflecting their tremendous success in subverting, avoiding, and surviving the defenses of their host genomes to ensure their selfish replication. More than 85% of the sequence of the maize genome can be ascribed to past transposition, providing a major contribution to the structure of the genome. Evidence from individual loci has informed our understanding of how transposition has shaped the genome, and a number of individual TE insertions have been causally linked to dramatic phenotypic changes. But genome-wide analyses in maize and other taxa have frequently represented TEs as a relatively homogeneous class of fragmentary relics of past transposition, obscuring their evolutionary history and interaction with their host genome. Using an updated annotation of structurally intact TEs in the maize reference genome, we investigate the family-level ecological and evolutionary dynamics of TEs in maize. Integrating a variety of data, from descriptors of individual TEs like coding capacity, expression, and methylation, as well as similar features of the sequence they inserted into, we model the relationship between these attributes of the genomic environment and the survival of TE copies and families. Our analyses reveal a diversity of ecological strategies of TE families, each representing the evolution of a distinct ecological niche allowing survival of the TE family. In contrast to the wholesale relegation of all TEs to a single category of junk DNA, these differences generate a rich ecology of the genome, suggesting families of TEs that coexist in time and space compete and cooperate with each other. We conclude that while the impact of transposition is highly family- and context-dependent, a family-level understanding of the ecology of TEs in the genome can refine our ability to predict the role of TEs in generating genetic and phenotypic diversity.‘Lumping our beautiful collection of transposons into a single category is a crime’-Michael R. Freeling, Mar. 10, 2017

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

Digital Divide

2016 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Geoff Kaufman ◽  
Mary Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Digital Game ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Version ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

With a growing body of work demonstrating the power of games to transform players' attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions, it is crucial to understand the potentially divergent experiences and outcomes afforded by digital and non-digital platforms. In a recent study, we found that transferring a public health game from a non-digital to a digital format profoundly impacted players' behaviors and the game's impact. Specifically, players of the digital version of the game, despite it being a nearly identical translation, exhibited a more rapid play pace and discussed strategies and consequences less frequently and with less depth. As a result of this discrepancy, players of the non-digital version of the game exhibited significantly higher post-game systems thinking performance and more positive valuations of vaccination, whereas players of the digital game did not. We propose several explanations for this finding, including follow-up work demonstrating the impact of platform on basic cognitive processes, that elucidate critical distinctions between digital and non-digital experiences.

scholarly journals Designing the Future: Strategy, Design, and the 4th Industrial Revolution—An Introduction to the Special Issue

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Tyrone S. Pitsis ◽  
Sara L. Beckman ◽  
Martin Steinert ◽  
Luciano Oviedo ◽  
Bettina Maisch
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
California Management Review ◽  
Future Strategy ◽  
Applied Design ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Strategy Design ◽  
The Impact

This is an introduction to the special issue of California Management Review on Design Thinking (DT). This special issue joins the growing body of work exploring the idea of DT and whether DT makes a difference in terms enhancing or augmenting the impact of technology—and, as a result, innovation—in a positive way. We have chosen an interesting, relevant, and useful array of papers that provide different approaches, views, and interpretations of applied design thinking. These articles provide both management and scholarly readers with insights in how DT is used, as well as its impact and usefulness in a variety of contexts.

Cognitive constraints in English lexical blending

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-173
Author(s):  
Daniel Kjellander
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract The complex characteristics of lexical blending have long troubled mainstream word formation research to the extent that it has typically been considered a peripheral issue in linguistics. In recent years this has begun to change, and there is currently a growing body of evidence uncovering the intriguing nature of this word formation process. In the present study, underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blends were examined. Analyses of derivatives of three matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian, revealed the impact of three cognitive constraints on the use of lexical blends: schema transfer effects, neighborhood effects, and effects of the influence from morphological lexicalization. The first constraint fueled blend formation, while the other two displayed a hampering effect on the use of lexical blending. Furthermore, a study of the word class distribution in the datasets showed that there were significant differences in the grammar of lexical blending and compounding, respectively.

scholarly journals An experimental evaluation of the impact of the EDoS attacks against cloud computing services using AWS

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.5) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suneetha Bulla ◽  
B. Basaveswara Rao ◽  
K. Gangadhara Rao ◽  
K. Chandan
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Cloud Platform ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Computing Services ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
Edos Attacks ◽  
Cloud Computing Services ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Cloud computing is that the one among the quickest making and rising development in IT trade on pay-as – you-go premise. Flexibility is that the one among the properties of the cloud computing, it exhibits the response for DDoS ambush and created new quite strike significantly EDoS assault .This paper displays the impact of EDoS assaults on the cloud computing services, touching on single category of service. A check demonstrate was made public, performed associated contrasted and an expositive lining model. The trial test-bed was directed on Amazon internet Services cloud platform, it catches the cloud edges and incorporates range of execution measurements and value measurements, as an instance, range of running cases on the cloud, latency or latency , usage of distributed computing assets, throughput, and also the caused value as a result of the assault. The outcomes square measure introduced and conclusions square measure talked concerning.

Taking an Evidence-Based Approach to Evidence-Based Policing Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Boulton ◽  
Rebecca Phythian ◽  
Stuart Kirby ◽  
Ian Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Evidence Based Policing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Approach

Abstract A growing body of international evidence reflects the increasing recognition of evidence-based policing (EBP) and the co-production of research, yet the extent of which such research is being implemented remains unclear. This study seeks to explore the efficacy of EBP in relation to practical implementation issues and assess the impact research is having on practice, both within and external to a specific Constabulary. Twenty-nine research studies, conducted in association with the Constabulary, were examined using a mixed-method approach. Of the total projects, 52% of projects were found to have generated a change to practice or policy. The key features of research that were associated with impact included: (i) mixed-method data collection, (ii) transferability, and (iii) increased dissemination that engaged practitioner and academic audiences. Practically, these findings suggest that EBP research projects can be designed and disseminated in a way that increases the likelihood of implementing the findings to change practice.

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