scholarly journals Understanding Mechanisms Behind Discrimination Using Diffusion Decision Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt ◽  
David Jeffrey Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
Measure Of Discrimination ◽  
Physically Attractive ◽  
Honor Society ◽  
Diffusion Decision Model ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Treatment Acceptance

Past research has documented where discrimination occurs or tested interventions that reduce discrimination. Less is known about how discriminatory behavior emerges and the mechanisms through which successful interventions work. Two studies (N > 4500) apply the Diffusion Decision Model (DDM) to the Judgment Bias Task, a measure of discrimination. In control conditions, participants gave preferential treatment (acceptance to a hypothetical honor society) to physically attractive applicants. DDM analyses revealed participants initially favored attractive candidates and attractiveness was accumulated as evidence of being qualified. Two interventions—raising awareness of bias and asking for more deliberative judgments—reduced discrimination through separate mechanisms. Raising awareness reduced biases in drift rates while increasing deliberation raised decision thresholds. This work offers insight into how discrimination emerges and may aid efforts to develop interventions to lessen discrimination.

scholarly journals An overview of psychological and social factors in Charles Bonnet syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 251584142110347
Author(s):  
Lee Jones ◽  
Lara Ditzel-Finn ◽  
Jamie Enoch ◽  
Mariya Moosajee
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Charles Bonnet Syndrome ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Insight Into

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a condition where cognitively normal individuals with sight impairment experience simple and/or complex visual hallucinations. The exact pathogenesis of CBS is unknown; however, deafferentation is often recognised as a causal mechanism. Studies have provided insight into the multifaceted impact of CBS on wellbeing. Onset of CBS may cause distress among those believing visual hallucinations are indicative of a neurological condition. Hallucinatory content is often congruent with the emotional response. For example, hallucinations of a macabre nature typically result in a fearful response. Visual hallucinations may be highly disruptive, causing everyday tasks to become challenging. Clinical management relies on forewarning and pre-emptive questioning. Yet, knowledge and awareness of CBS is typically low. In this review, we provide a summary of the social and psychological implications of CBS and explore recent developments aimed at raising awareness and improving patient management.

scholarly journals Urban Gardening in Germany: Cultivating a Sustainable Lifestyle for the Societal Transition to a Bioeconomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Winkler ◽  
Anika Maier ◽  
Iris Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Sustainable Lifestyle ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Urban gardening has the potential to turn the growing number of consumers into conscious producers by raising awareness of natural resource cycles, contributing to environmental conservation and climate change mitigation. This study investigated the motivations for urban gardening in Germany, based on an extensive review of 657 urban gardening project websites. The subsequent online survey of 380 project participants provides a characterization of the gardeners, giving insight into both cultivation methods and technologies used and the participants’ consumer behavior. It was shown that urban gardening has an influence on consumer behavior and can induce a change towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The gardens provide a space for the exchange of social values, knowledge and ideas on different ways of life among the diverse participants. Hence, urban gardening creates far more than just food; it influences society on multiple levels. Urban gardening can support the bottom-up societal transition towards a bioeconomy as both have common attributes. Finally, the paper proposes an innovative, resource-efficient cultivation system that may attract further societal groups to the urban gardening lifestyle, with the aim of fostering the development of the bioeconomy.

Does this Smile Make me Look White? Exploring the Effects of Emotional Expressions on the Categorization of Multiracial Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 218-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven O. Roberts ◽  
Kerrie C. Leonard ◽  
Arnold K. Ho ◽  
Susan A. Gelman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Multiracial Children ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Previous research shows that Multiracial adults are categorized as more Black than White (i.e., Black-categorization bias), especially when they have angry facial expressions. The present research examined the extent to which these categorization patterns extended to Multiracial children, with both White and Black participants. Consistent with past research, both White and Black participants categorized Multiracial children as more Black than White. Counter to what was found with Multiracial adults in previous research, emotional expressions (e.g., happy vs. angry) did not moderate how Multiracial children were categorized. Additionally, for Black participants, anti-White bias was correlated with categorizing Multiracial children as more White than Black. The developmental and cultural implications of these data are discussed, as they provide new insight into the important role that age plays in Multiracial person perception.

Women’s Gendered Experiences of Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1044
Author(s):  
Alexis M. Fabricius ◽  
Andrea D’Souza ◽  
Vanessa Amodio ◽  
Angela Colantonio ◽  
Tatyana Mollayeva
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Doing Gender ◽  
Gender Influences ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Critical Injury

Despite recognizing that women have worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI), little is known about how gender influences their experiences of this critical injury. Past research has been dominated by androcentrism and quantitative approaches, leaving the lived experience of women with TBI insufficiently examined. To gain insight into their experiences, this qualitative study interviewed 19 Canadian women with mild and moderate-to-severe TBIs. Applying a thematic analysis, we discerned three themes: Gender prevails considers choosing to do gender over complying with physician advice; Consequences of TBI impeding performativity explores how women frame themselves as terrible people for being unable to do gender post-TBI; and Perceptions of receiving care looks at gendered caregiving expectations. These results broadly align with research on how doing gender influences recovery and health outcomes. We discuss the implications of our findings for knowledge translation, future research on women’s TBI recovery, and clinical practice.

Refugee and Immigrant Women’s Experience of Postpartum Depression: A Meta-Synthesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn L. Tobin ◽  
Pam Di Napoli ◽  
Cheryl Tatano Beck
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this work is to synthesize qualitative research on refugee and immigrant women’s experiences of postpartum depression (PPD) to gain insight into the unique needs of this group of women. This population is more at risk of developing PPD due to a complexity of issues including pre- and postmigratory stressors; however, there is currently little research on this topic available to health care providers and policy makers. Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria, and five themes emerged from the meta-synthesis: (a) suffering in solitude, (b) the invisible illness, (c) cultural conceptualizations, (d) barriers to help seeking, and (e) facilitators of help seeking. Conclusions suggest immigrant women with PPD may lack understanding of their condition, are often isolated, are alone, fear stigmatization, and risk being considered an unfit mother. Raising awareness with health care providers of the meaning of PPD for immigrant women is key to the provision of effective care.

scholarly journals Influencers and Major Themes in a Gifted Education Community of Practice on Twitter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Morris Miller ◽  
Jennifer Jolly ◽  
Jacqueline Latz ◽  
Kelsi Listman
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Gifted Education ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
False Information ◽  
Education Professionals ◽  
Education Community ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Insight Into

Twitter is a valuable resource for research because of its potential to provide insight into public opinions as well as identify whom are the most influential sources of information. However, false information spreads easily on Twitter and parents often trust online sources even when those ideas run counter to the information from professionals (Külhaş Çelik et al., 2019). Convergent mixed methods exploratory analysis was used to evaluate the discourse on Twitter regarding gifted education. The results of the quantitative analysis of the matrix of connections using NodeXL Pro indicate that gifted education Twitter is a cohesive network and that the top influencers are organizations and educational consultants. The qualitative analyses suggest that gifted education professionals and parents engage in Twitter in similar ways to what has been described in past research: to share interesting articles and videos, to discuss current issues, promote one’s ideas, and seek opportunities.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Exploration of Consumers’ Perceived Impacts, Behavioural Reactions, and Future Reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as Applied to Electronic Cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1179173X2092545
Author(s):  
Emma Ward ◽  
Claudia Anholt ◽  
Sarah Gentry ◽  
Lynne Dawkins ◽  
Richard Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Eu

Background: Electronic cigarette regulations included in the Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), Article 20, implemented in Europe by May 2017, aimed to improve safety for e-cigarette consumers, and prevent uptake among non-smokers, particularly young people. Before implementation, there were significant concerns from consumers, industry, and some in the scientific community about the potential negative impact of the TPD on people using e-cigarettes to remain abstinent from smoking. To date, there is limited evidence on how the TPD has affected consumers. This study aimed to add insight into how consumers perceived and experienced the regulations. Methods: Qualitative data, collected between March 2018 and March 2019, relating to participant views of the TPD were extracted from 160 interviews/extended surveys of e-cigarette consumers as part of a wider study into e-cigarette use trajectories (ECtra study). Data were thematically analysed. Results: Awareness of the TPD among consumers was not universal. Participants’ smoking behaviour did not appear to be influenced by the legislation. Participants were reassured by manufacturing regulations and requirements for ingredients labels. Participants responded negatively to changes perceived to cause inconvenience and extra plastic waste. The product restrictions prompted some participants to purchase non-compliant products illegally, potentially putting their safety at risk. Conclusions: E-cigarette regulation should focus on ensuring product safety. Raising awareness of the TPD among consumers and smokers could be beneficial.

scholarly journals Decreased admissions and change in arrival mode in patients with cerebrovascular events during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Hoyer ◽  
Lenja Weber ◽  
Vesile Sandikci ◽  
Anne Ebert ◽  
Michael Platten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Cerebrovascular Event ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background and purpose Investigating clinical characteristics of patients presenting with cerebrovascular events during the pandemic may provide valuable insight into further understanding the phenomenon of decreased stroke admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Data of patients presenting with a cerebrovascular event to the emergency department during weeks 12–17/2020 were compared to data from the respective weeks in 2019. Results A significant reduction in the number of admissions by 35.9% (p = 0.005) was observed during the COVID-19 epoch. In addition, significantly more patients arrived by ambulance during the COVID-19 epoch (2019: 75.7%, 2020: 94.2%; p = 0.001). Conclusion Our data may have implications as to how campaigns raising awareness for serious medical conditions in the context of the pandemic should be framed.

Abstract P404: Coronary Artery Calcification Presence and Progression by Obesity Phenotypes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M Camhi ◽  
Aviva Must ◽  
Philimon N Gona ◽  
Arlene Hankinson ◽  
Andrew O Odegaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcification ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Dichotomous Variable ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Past research findings regarding whether metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is a healthier state within obesity have been mixed and often controversial. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) can provide insight into subclinical atherosclerosis burden and progression. The purpose of this study was to compare CAC presence and progression between non-obese and obese phenotypes (MHO and metabolically unhealthy obesity, MUO). Methods: Young adults (18-30 years of age in 1985-86) enrolled in the CARDIA study were excluded if they had baseline obesity, had undergone bariatric surgery or were pregnant/breastfeeding. CAC was estimated with computed tomography using standardized procedures at all coronary arteries and summed across all arteries at year (Y) Y15 and Y25 (Agatston units, AU). Presence of CAC (n=2546) was defined as any score >0 AU at Y15. Progression of CAC (ΔCAC, n=2035) was a dichotomous variable indicating any incident CAC at Y25 for participants without CAC at Y15 or an increase in CAC ≥20 AU from Y15-Y25. Obesity onset (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ) was identified at Y7, Y10, Y15. MHO was defined as obesity and 0-1 risk factor: SBP/DBP ≥130/85mmHg; glucose ≥100mg/dL; triglycerides ≥150mg/dL; and HDL-C men <40, women <50mg/dL or on relevant medication. MUO was defined as obesity and ≥2 risk factors. MHO duration was estimated as years from identification of MHO to either Y15 or transition to MUO. Phenotypes were categorized by MHO duration (MHO duration×obesity duration): stable MHO (100%); transient MHO (1-99%); MUO (0%). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds of CAC presence or ΔCAC between obesity phenotypes adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol and physical activity. Results: Participants were 42% black and 52% female, 25.2±3.6 years at baseline with BMI 23.3±2.9 kg/m 2 at baseline, and BMI 27.4±5.1 kg/m 2 at Y15. CAC presence was 9% (n=173) among non-obese (n=1849); 6% (n=23) among stable MHO (n=373), 10% (n=12) among transient MHO (n=115), and 1% (n=39) among MUO (n=209). ΔCAC was 26% (385/1467), 18% (54/298), 31% (31/100) and 46% 79/170) for non-obese, stable MHO, transient MHO and MUO, respectively. Compared to stable MHO, MUO had higher odds of CAC presence (OR, 95% CI: 3.26, 1.73-6.15) and ΔCAC (3.30, 2.14-5.11); transient MHO had higher odds of ΔCAC (1.88, 1.10-3.20); with no significant differences between transient MHO vs. stable MHO for CAC presence. There were also no significant differences between non-obese and stable MHO for either CAC presence or ΔCAC. Among those who developed obesity, each additional 5 years of MHO duration was associated with lower odds of ΔCAC (0.60, 0.46-0.78). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that subclinical coronary calcified atherosclerosis burden is similar for non-obese and stable MHO, and higher in MUO vs. non-obese. Future studies should confirm results and examine possible biological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Parental benefits and offspring costs reflect parent–offspring conflict over the age of fledging among songbirds

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30539-30546
Author(s):  
Todd M. Jones ◽  
Jeffrey D. Brawn ◽  
Ian J. Ausprey ◽  
Andrew C. Vitz ◽  
Amanda D. Rodewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Individual Offspring ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Postfledging Survival ◽  
Parental Benefits ◽  
Insight Into

Parent–offspring conflict has explained a variety of ecological phenomena across animal taxa, but its role in mediating when songbirds fledge remains controversial. Specifically, ecologists have long debated the influence of songbird parents on the age of fledging: Do parents manipulate offspring into fledging to optimize their own fitness or do offspring choose when to leave? To provide greater insight into parent–offspring conflict over fledging age in songbirds, we compared nesting and postfledging survival rates across 18 species from eight studies in the continental United States. For 12 species (67%), we found that fledging transitions offspring from comparatively safe nesting environments to more dangerous postfledging ones, resulting in a postfledging bottleneck. This raises an important question: as past research shows that offspring would benefit—improve postfledging survival—by staying in the nest longer: Why then do they fledge so early? Our findings suggest that parents manipulate offspring into fledging early for their own benefit, but at the cost of survival for each individual offspring, reflecting parent–offspring conflict. Early fledging incurred, on average, a 13.6% postfledging survival cost for each individual offspring, but parents benefitted through a 14.0% increase in the likelihood of raising at least one offspring to independence. These parental benefits were uneven across species—driven by an interaction between nest mortality risk and brood size—and predicted the age of fledging among species. Collectively, our results suggest that parent–offspring conflict and associated parental benefits explain variation in fledging age among songbird species and why postfledging bottlenecks occur.

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