Caloric Primary Rewards Systematically Alter Time Perception

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/aps6u ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bowen John Fung ◽

Carsten Murawski ◽

Stefan Bode

Keyword(s):

Time Perception ◽

Reward Magnitude ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Experimental Paradigm ◽

The Relationship ◽

Primary Reward

Human time perception can be influenced by contextual factors, such as the presence of reward. Yet, the exact nature of the relationship between time perception and reward has not been conclusively characterized. We implemented a novel experimental paradigm to measure estimations of time across a range of suprasecond intervals, during the anticipation and after the consumption of fruit juice, a physiologically relevant primary reward. We show that average time estimations were systematically affected by the consumption of reward, but not by the anticipation of reward. Compared with baseline estimations of time, reward consumption was associated with subsequent overproductions of time, and this effect increased for larger magnitudes of reward. Additional experiments demonstrated that the effect of consumption did not extend to a secondary reward (money), a tasteless, noncaloric primary reward (water), or a sweet, noncaloric reward (aspartame). However, a tasteless caloric reward (maltodexrin) did induce overproductions of time, although this effect did not scale with reward magnitude. These results suggest that the consumption of caloric primary rewards can alter time perception, which may be a psychophysiological mechanism by which organisms regulate homeostatic balance.

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Supply chain governance: a conceptual model

Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing ◽

10.1108/jbim-09-2019-0418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Franciele Bonatto ◽

Luis Mauricio Martins de Resende ◽

Joseane Pontes

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Thematic Analysis ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Past Research ◽

Relational Governance ◽

Content Type ◽

Relationship History ◽

Supply Chain Governance ◽

The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to clarify ambiguous results from previous research on the relationship between contextual factors, trust and supply chain governance (SCG). Design/methodology/approach This study carried out a systematic literature review in 11 databases, with articles published until 2018. Afterward, this study conducted a thematic analysis in 60 articles to address the contextual factors, governance structures and trust approaches raised in previous research. Findings The thematic analysis revealed that seven contextual factors influence the choice of contractual and relational mechanisms in supply chains: relationship history, environmental uncertainty, perceived risk, perceived justice, asset specificity, power asymmetry and interdependence. The findings explained the ambiguous results of past research by proposing that contractual and relational governance are complementary and that the presence of trust (affective and competence-based) moderates the relationship between contextual factors and SCG. Originality/value This research advances the SCG literature by proposing trust (affective and competence-based) as a moderating variable that fosters governance mechanisms in supply chain relationships.

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Headache in Patients With Pituitary Lesions: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/neu.0000000000001067 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 316-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Paul Rizzoli ◽

Sherry Iuliano ◽

Emma Weizenbaum ◽

Edward Laws

Keyword(s):

Primary Headache ◽

Headache Disorder ◽

Pituitary Surgery ◽

Secondary Headache ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Questionnaire Response ◽

Headache Diagnosis ◽

Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery ◽

The Relationship

Abstract BACKGROUND: Headache is a presenting feature in 37% to 70% of patients with pituitary tumor. Other pituitary lesions may also present with headache, and together these lesions account for about 20% of all primary brain lesions. Although pituitary lesions have been associated with headache, the exact nature of the relationship remains undefined. It is not always clear whether the presenting headache is an unrelated primary headache, a lesion-induced aggravation of a preexisting primary headache, or a separate secondary headache related to the lesion. OBJECTIVE: To characterize headache in patients referred to a multidisciplinary neuroendocrine clinic with suspected pituitary lesions and to assess changes in headache in those who underwent surgery. METHODS: We used a self-administered survey of headache characteristics completed by patients upon presentation and after any pituitary surgical procedure. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-three participants completed the preoperative questionnaire (response rate of 99%). The overall prevalence of headache was 63%. Compared to patients without headache, the group with headache was more likely to be female (P = .001), younger (P = .001), and to have had a prior headache diagnosis (P < .001). Seventy-two percent of patients reported headache localized to the anterior region of the head. Fifty-one patients with headache underwent transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Headache was not associated with increased odds of having surgery (odds ratio, 0.90). At 3 months, 81% of surgically treated patients with headache who completed the postoperative questionnaire (21/26) reported improvement or resolution of headaches. No patient who completed the postoperative questionnaire (44/84) reported new or worsened headache. CONCLUSION: Frequent, disabling headaches are common in patients with pituitary lesions referred for neuroendocrine consultation, especially in younger females with a preexisting headache disorder. Surgery in this group was associated with headache improvement or resolution in the majority and was not found to cause or worsen headaches. Suggestions for revision of the International Classification of Headache Disorders diagnostic criteria pertaining to pituitary disorders are supported by these findings.

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Socio-Contextual Factors as Determinants of Psychological Wellbeing of Selected Aged in South Africa: A Moderating Approach

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.47836/pjssh.29.1.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Arazeem Abdullahi ◽

Anathi Ntozini ◽

Rotimi Oguntayo

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

South Africa ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

The Elderly ◽

Psychological Wellbeing ◽

Black Communities ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Global Health Issue ◽

The Relationship

The psychological wellbeing of the elderly has become an important global health issue. This study investigated the socio-contextual factors moderating some dimensions of psychological well-being (self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery and autonomy) among 301 selected aged in South Africa. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were deployed to select the respondents (93 males and 208 females) in Buffalo city, South Africa. A questionnaire pack which included the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (RPWBS) and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) were utilised. The study found a significant relationship between physical activity and psychological wellbeing of the elderly. However, ethnicity could moderate the relationship between physical activity and the dimensions of psychological wellbeing. Recreational activities, particularly in Black communities, must be improved to encourage participation in physical exercise.

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Humana Medicina

Constellations ◽

10.29173/cons29392 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abby Riehl

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Catholic Church ◽

Religion And Medicine ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Rational Science ◽

The Relationship ◽

Medical Programs ◽

The Catholic Church

This paper focuses on the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the concentrated effort to shift away from the teachings of the Catholic Church and towards a rational science rooted in scholastic thought which did not rely on Divine causes and cures for illness. By looking at the growth of the medical programs in Paris and Salerno, northern versus southern trends and attitudes, and the deep influence of not only Christian rituals, but also pagan popular culture, this essay aims to explore the exact nature of the relationship between religion and medicine, and the mediating role that superstition played between them.

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Using Neural Networks to Discover Patterns in International Equity Markets

Neural Networks in Business ◽

10.4018/978-1-930708-31-0.ch013 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 205-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary E. Malliaris ◽

Linda Salchenberger

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Equity Markets ◽

Time Frame ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Statistical Tools ◽

New Approach ◽

International Equity Markets ◽

International Equity ◽

The Relationship

The use of neural networks represents a new approach to how this type of problem can be investigated. The economics and finance literature is full of studies that require the researcher to prespecify the exact nature of the relationship and select specific variables to test. In this study, we use a multistage approach that requires no prespecification of the model and allows us to look for associations and relationships that may not have been considered. Previous studies have been limited by the nature of statistical tools, which require the researcher to determine the variables, time frame, and markets to test. An intelligent guess may lead to the desired outcome, but neural networks are used to produce a more thorough analysis of the data, thus improving the researcher’s ability to uncover unanticipated relationships and associations.

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Urban Spatial Structure and Travel in China

Journal of Planning Literature ◽

10.1177/0885412219853259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 6-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lingqian Hu ◽

Jiawen Yang ◽

Tianren Yang ◽

Yuanjie Tu ◽

Jing Zhu

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Empirical Literature ◽

Future Research ◽

Urban Structure ◽

Urban Spatial Structure ◽

Complex Mechanisms ◽

The Relationship

This article first provides a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China. The review finds that residential suburbanization alone increases travel, polycentric development has mixed effects, and jobs–housing balance reduces travel. Second, this article compares the empirical findings of the urban structure–travel relationships in China with those observed in other countries, and it identifies contextual factors that can explain the differing relationships in China. We suggest that future research improve data and methodology and broaden the research scope to investigate the complex mechanisms that affect the urban structure–travel relationship in China.

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Literature Review: Design Thinking and Place

Journal of Business and Technical Communication ◽

10.1177/1050651919854079 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 431-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Trinity Overmyer ◽

Erin Brock Carlson

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Design Thinking ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

Wicked Problems ◽

User Centered Design ◽

Design Problems ◽

Design Processes ◽

Complex Problems ◽

Dynamic Relationships ◽

The Relationship

Design-thinking frameworks help professionals to design solutions for complex problems. Design processes take into account the context of a problem, and among these contextual factors is place. Because place is relational, capturing dynamic relationships between other factors of design problems, it deserves special attention from stakeholders trying to tackle wicked problems. This literature review elaborates on the relationship between place and design thinking, focusing on the importance of privileging place in user-centered design processes.

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100% Fruit juice intake and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective and randomised controlled studies

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-020-02426-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lanfranco D’Elia ◽

◽

Monica Dinu ◽

Francesco Sofi ◽

Massimo Volpe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Dose Response ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Non Linear ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Purpose The relationship between 100% fruit juice (100%FJ) consumption and cardiovascular risk is object of debate: indeed, recently published investigations provided new but discrepant evidence on this important question and International dietary guidelines are not in agreement on recommendations about fruit juice consumption. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of the prospective studies and the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that explored the relationship between 100%FJ intake, cardiovascular risk profile and risk of cardiovascular events. Methods We performed a systematic search of publications up to August 2019. Summary relative risks and exploration of linearity of the association were estimated for prospective studies and summary mean differences (MDs) calculated for RCTs. Results A total of 21 prospective studies and 35 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Dose–response analysis detected a significant inverse association between low-moderate 100%FJ consumption and risk of stroke (up to 200 ml/day) or total CV events (up to 170 ml/day) compared with no consumption, with a non-linear relationship (p for non-linearity < 0.05). No significant association was found for coronary heart disease and diabetes risk. In RCTs, a favorable and significant effect of 100%FJ intake was detected on blood pressure (systolic, MD: − 3.14 mmHg; diastolic, MD: − 1.68 mmHg), arterial compliance (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, − 0.38 m/s) and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, 2.10%). Neutral effects were found on body weight, blood lipids and glucose metabolism. Conclusions The results of these analyses indicate that 100%FJ consumption is not associated with higher CV risk. A non-linear inverse dose–response relationship occurs between 100%FJ consumption and CV disease, in particular for risk of stroke, probably mediated by the decrease in blood pressure. Trial registration PROSPERO registration number (CRD42019135577).

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A BILATTICE-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR HANDLING GRADED TRUTH AND IMPRECISION

International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems ◽

10.1142/s0218488507004352 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. 13-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

GLAD DESCHRIJVER ◽

OFER ARIELI ◽

CHRIS CORNELIS ◽

ETIENNE E. KERRE

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Sets ◽

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets ◽

The Other ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Conflicting Information ◽

Intuitive Appeal ◽

Application Potential ◽

Logical Connectives ◽

The Relationship ◽

Interval Valued

We present a family of algebraic structures, called rectangular bilattices, which serve as a natural accommodation and powerful generalization to both intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) and interval-valued fuzzy sets (IVFSs). These structures are useful on one hand to clarify the exact nature of the relationship between the above two common extensions of fuzzy sets, and on the other hand provide an intuitively attractive framework for the representation of uncertain and potentially conflicting information. We also provide these structures with adequately defined graded versions of the basic logical connectives, and study their properties and relationships. Application potential and intuitive appeal of the proposed framework are illustrated in the context of preference modeling.

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Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2017.0367 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (136) ◽

pp. 20170367 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. W. Hanson ◽

S. G. Ortman ◽

J. Lobo

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Functional Diversity ◽

Professional Associations ◽

Division Of Labour ◽

Urban Systems ◽

Modern World ◽

Built Environments ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Generative Processes ◽

The Relationship

One of the hallmarks of human agglomeration is an increase in the division of labour, but the exact nature of this relationship has been debated among anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians and archaeologists. Over the last decade, researchers investigating contemporary urban systems have suggested a novel explanation for the links between the numbers of inhabitants in settlements and many of their most important characteristics, which is grounded in a view of settlements as social networks embedded in built environments. One of the remarkable aspects of this approach is that it is not based on the specific conditions of the modern world (such as capitalism or industrialization), which raises the issue of whether the relationships observed in contemporary urban systems can also be detected in pre-modern urban or even non-urban systems. Here, we present a general model for the relationship between the population and functional diversity of settlements, where the latter is viewed as an indicator of the division of labour. We then explore the applicability of this model to pre-modern contexts, focusing on cities in the Roman Empire, using estimates of their numbers of inhabitants, numbers of documented professional associations, and numbers of recorded inscriptions to develop an index of functional diversity. Our results are consistent with theoretical expectations, adding further support to the view that urban systems in both contemporary and pre-modern contexts reflect a common set of generative processes.

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