scholarly journals Bias in confidence: A critical test for discrete-state models of change detection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kellen ◽  
Samuel Winiger ◽  
Henrik Singmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
State Models ◽  
Biased Judgments

Ongoing discussions on the nature of storage in visual working memory have mostlyfocused on two theoretical accounts: On one hand we have a discrete-state accountpostulating that information in working memory is supported with high fidelity for alimited number of discrete items by a given number of “slots”, with no informationbeing retained beyond these. In contrast with this all-or-nothing view, we have acontinuous account arguing that information can be degraded in a continuous manner, reflecting the amount of resources dedicated to each item. It turns out that the core tenets of this discrete-state account constrain the way individuals can express confidence in their judgments, excluding the possibility of biased confidence judgments. Importantly, these biased judgments are expected when assuming a continuous degradation of information. We report two studies showing that biased confidence judgments can be reliably observed, a finding that rejects a large number of discrete-state models, dismissing the idea that change-detection judgments consist of a mixture of guesses and high-fidelity memory representations.

scholarly journals Violations of Conditional Independence in Mixed-State Models of Visual Working Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Winiger ◽  
Henrik Singmann ◽  
David Kellen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Mixed State ◽  
Conditional Independence ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Memory State ◽  
The Core ◽  
State Models ◽  
Reported Data

Mixed-state models of visual working memory assume discrete mental states ofknowing and guessing; information is either represented in memory or not at all. At the core of most conceptualizations of mixed-state models is the notion of conditional independence, that is, the probability of a process taking place when a given memory state is reached is independent of the probability of reaching said state. For example, the probability of committing a memory-based error being conditionally independent of the probability of a memory-based response being made. We test this assumption using an extended recognition-memory paradigm that allows for second choices, along with a task-difficulty manipulation. The second choices obtained through this paradigm provide testable predictions for conditional independence that are violated in the reported data. Overall, our results indicate that the probabilities of memory-based responses and of memory-based errors go hand in hand.

scholarly journals Properties of high-fidelity visual working memory representations for orientation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 804-804
Author(s):  
R. L. Rademaker ◽  
I. M. Bloem ◽  
P. De Weerd ◽  
A. T. Sack
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Memory Representations

Transient Working Memory Representations That Govern Intentional S-R Translation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nachshon Meiran ◽  
Yoav Kessler ◽  
Oshrit Cohen-Kdoshai ◽  
Ravid Elenbogen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Representations

Attentional Guidance from Activated and Inhibitory States of Working Memory Representations

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Bao ZHANG ◽  
Jiaying SHAO ◽  
Cenlou HU ◽  
Sai Huang
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Attentional Guidance ◽  
Memory Representations

scholarly journals Does perceptual grouping improve visuospatial working memory? Optimized processing or encoding bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Prieto ◽  
Vanesa Peinado ◽  
Julia Mayas
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Automatic Encoding ◽  
Change Detection Performance

AbstractVisual working memory has been defined as a system of limited capacity that enables the maintenance and manipulation of visual information. However, some perceptual features like Gestalt grouping could improve visual working memory effectiveness. In two different experiments, we aimed to explore how the presence of elements grouped by color similarity affects the change detection performance of both, grouped and non-grouped items. We combined a change detection task with a retrocue paradigm in which a six item array had to be remembered. An always valid, variable-delay retrocue appeared in some trials during the retention interval, either after 100 ms (iconic-trace period) or 1400 ms (working memory period), signaling the location of the probe. The results indicated that similarity grouping biased the information entered into the visual working memory, improving change detection accuracy only for previously grouped probes, but hindering change detection for non-grouped probes in certain conditions (Exp. 1). However, this bottom-up automatic encoding bias was overridden when participants were explicitly instructed to ignore grouped items as they were irrelevant for the task (Exp. 2).

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