scholarly journals Determining an acceptable number of cruise ships in a US national park based on incidents of ship-strikes with whales

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
OCTO
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
The Us

While national parks in the US are intended to conserve natural resources for the public to enjoy, those visitors pose some of the greatest threats to the ecosystem: vehicles may collide with and kill wildlife; traffic can contribute to noise, water, and air pollution; human waste must be removed, etc. Conflicting incentives like this can make decision-making difficult for park managers. The authors use the example of cruise-ship strikes with humpback whales in Glacier Bay National Park as a case study for how use-impact trade-offs can be used as part of the decision-making and stakeholder communication processes.

From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young ◽  
Alan MacEachern ◽  
Lary Dilsaver
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

scholarly journals No Limits of Acceptable Change: A Proposed Research Framework for Informing Visitor Use Management in the Context of Cultural Resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Zachary D. Miller ◽  
Wayne Freimund ◽  
Stefani A. Crabtree ◽  
Ethan P. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
National Park ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Limits Of Acceptable Change ◽  
The Us ◽  
Visitor Use ◽  
Material Evidence

Cultural resources are commonly defined as resources that provide material evidence of past human activities. These resources are unique, as they are both finite and non-renewable. This provides a challenge for traditional visitor use management since these resources have no limits of acceptable change. However, with nearly every national park in the US containing cultural resources, coupled with ever-growing visitation, it is essential that managers of parks and protected areas have the ability to make science-informed decisions about cultural resources in the context of visitor use management. We propose a framework that can help provide context and exploration for these challenges. Drawing on previous literature, this framework includes risk-based approaches to decision making about visitor use; visitor cognitions related to cultural resources; emotions, mood, and affect related to cultural resource experiences; creating and evaluating interpretive programs; deviant visitor behaviors related to cultural resources; and co-management.

Beyond the “Pine Pig”

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (137) ◽  
pp. 96-118
Author(s):  
Toby Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Popular Discourse ◽  
The Us

Abstract This article shows how the US national park ranger comes to function simultaneously as friendly, educational caretaker and as policing authority forged through and upholding state violence. It argues that long-standing government and popular discourse distinguishing rangers from “real” police naturalizes and actively supports the ranger’s authoritative role in hierarchies of power. This framework further obscures the violent mechanisms of social and environmental control that underwrite the national parks as such. At the same time, however, the article suggests that persistent efforts to distinguish rangers from law enforcement create an opportunity to practice collaborative and anti-authoritarian forms of protection.

scholarly journals Perception of Sustainability of Spanish National Parks: Public Use, Tourism and Rural Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Pérez-Calderón ◽  
Jorge Manuel Prieto-Ballester ◽  
Vanessa Miguel-Barrado ◽  
Patricia Milanés-Montero
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
The Public ◽  
Protected Natural Area

In the last decade, tourism activity associated with natural areas has stood out as a driver for economic development. Thus, it is a key factor for the economic and social sustainability of the community near a protected area. This paper analyses, considering the tourist exploitation and the public use of the National Park in the last decade, the perception about the sustainability of its geographical area closest. A questionnaire was used and sent to the authorities of the villages closest to each of the 15 National Parks. The structural equation model was used for the design and analysis of the model. The results confirmed significant relationships between the perception of economic development and quality of life, but not with social development. A positive relationship between quality of life and social development is also demonstrated. The three dimensions analysed, economic, social and quality of life, are influencing the perception of sustainability of the geographical area closest to the protected natural area. The legal limitations to the public use of these natural protected areas have been considered in the assessments made by the respondents. In conclusion, National Park managers, local entrepreneurs and institutional authorities (local, regional and national) are encouraged to better coordinate the resources of the protected natural area. The dynamization of tourist activities should be encouraged while respecting the biological value of the park, as has been done so far.

scholarly journals Moving toward a Greener China: Is China’s National Park Pilot Program a Solution?

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
Gonghan Sheng ◽  
Heyuan Chen ◽  
Kalifi Ferretti-Gallon ◽  
John L. Innes ◽  
Zhongjun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
National Park System

National parks have been adopted for over a century to enhance the protection of valued natural landscapes in countries worldwide. For decades, China has emphasized the importance of economic growth over ecological health to the detriment of its protected areas. After decades of environmental degradation, dramatic loss of biodiversity, and increasing pressure from the public to improve and protect natural landscapes, China’s central government recently proposed the establishment of a pilot national park system to address these issues. This study provides an overview of the development of selected conventional protected areas (CPAs) and the ten newly established pilot national parks (PNPs). A literature review was conducted to synthesize the significant findings from previous studies, and group workshops were conducted to integrate expert knowledge. A qualitative analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the pilot national park system. The results of this study reveal that the PNP system could be a potential solution to the two outstanding issues facing CPAs, namely the economic prioritization over social and ecological considerations that causes massive ecological degradation, and the conflicting, overlapping, and inconsistent administrative and institutional structures that result in serious inefficiencies and conflicts.

scholarly journals Estimating the Preservation Value of Wuyishan National Park from the Perspective of Bounded Rational Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 6983
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Mingshui Lin ◽  
Xinhua Qi ◽  
Wenjuan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Preservation Value

Simplifying and popularizing the preservation values (valuation methods) of national parks—based on the premise of accuracy—shows stakeholders the importance of national parks, and is the basis for exploring sustainable use and development mechanisms. However, there are hypotheses biases, strategic biases, and starting point biases in regards to the existing evaluation methods. Therefore, based on the results of the contingent valuation method of research, under bounded rationality, this study uses the two-stage dichotomous choice contingent valuation and selects three methods to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for preservation at Wuyishan National Park. The results support that the two-stage contingent valuation method could effectively evade uncertainty with a “willingness to pay” decision making under bounded rationality, and factually reflect the real WTP. The results show that: (1) the average willingness to pay (truncated) of each household in Wuyishan National Park is CNY 609 (USD 93.90), which is similar to the actual average tourism expenditure of each household. (2) The cultural worldviews and perceived restorative environment have significant impacts on willingness to pay. (3) Comparing the preservation value of Wuyishan National Park with the actual financial input plays a positive role in manifesting the importance of Wuyishan National Park and attracting more financial input. The preservation value of Wuyishan National Park in the key market is about six times that of the basic market and one-third of that in the national market, which provides a theoretical basis for selecting the key tourism development market of Wuyishan National Park. (4) Those respondents believe that more funds should be put into protecting the national parks for their sustainable existence and bequeathing to future generations, which shows that the construction of the national park system is significant in improving natural values. This study attempted to provide theoretical support for improving non-market value and sustainable development of national parks.

scholarly journals Comparison between Demand and Supply of Some Ecosystem Services in National Parks: A Spatial Analysis Conducted Using Italian Case Studies

Conservation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-57
Author(s):  
Davide Marino ◽  
Margherita Palmieri ◽  
Angelo Marucci ◽  
Massimo Tufano
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Relationship

In recent decades, modeling approaches of ecosystem services (ES) have been used extensively at the international level, providing useful tools during the decision-making process by integrating both physical and economic information, thus improving its management. The relationship between supply and demand may impact social welfare: for example, a deficit in ES could negatively influence demand (either potential or effective). For this reason, the relational study between supply and demand is necessary for the sustainable management of natural resources; particularly since the demand for some ES must be fulfilled not only on a local scale but also globally (as in the case of regulatory ES). This paper proposes an ES analysis framework that links the flow of services (supply) generated by the interaction between natural, human and social capital with consumption (demand) connected to potential beneficiaries. Specifically, we analyze three ES: Forage production, regulation of local climate (PM10), and carbon sequestration in three national parks (Aspromonte National Park, Circeo National Park, and Appennino Tosco Emiliano National Park). The use of synthetic (biophysical) indicators, on a spatial basis, made it possible to quantify the supply and demand of specific catchments with the aim of accounting for the surplus/deficit through the calculation of the ES supply and demand ratio (ESDR). In fact, sustainable land management requires a balance between supply and demand in relation to the different needs of the stakeholders and local community. The relationship between supply and demand of ES can help identify resource use trade-offs, thus rendering the achievement of management and protection objectives more efficient. Lastly, through the use of monetary coefficients, it was possible to calculate the benefits of increasing the awareness of public decision-makers of ES’s value and the importance of implementing integrated strategies for environmental protection and enhancement.

scholarly journals Administrator danych w polskich parkach narodowych (wybrane aspekty prawno-administracyjne)

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Jarosław Dobkowski ◽  
Jakub Goerick
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Data Controller

The article presents an outline of the problem of determining personal data administrator in the public sphere on the example of one of the forms of nature protection in Poland – national parks. The research focused on the differences between legal defnitions of a data controller that has an essential impact on the process of separating a data controller in a national park. The whole is fnished with de lege ferenda postulates, which would solve this problem. 

scholarly journals Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hostetler ◽  
◽  
Cathy Whitlock ◽  
Bryan Shuman ◽  
David Liefert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
National Forests ◽  
National Wildlife Refuge ◽  
Federal Lands ◽  
Wildlife Refuge ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Us ◽  
Greater Yellowstone

The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the last remaining large and nearly intact temperate ecosystems on Earth (Reese 1984; NPSa undated). GYA was originally defined in the 1970s as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompassed the minimum range of the grizzly bear (Schullery 1992). The boundary was enlarged through time and now includes about 22 million acres (8.9 million ha) in northwestern Wyoming, south central Montana, and eastern Idaho. Two national parks, five national forests, three wildlife refuges, 20 counties, and state and private lands lie within the GYA boundary. GYA also includes the Wind River Indian Reservation, but the region is the historical home to several Tribal Nations. Federal lands managed by the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service amount to about 64% (15.5 million acres [6.27 million ha] or 24,200 square miles [62,700 km2]) of the land within the GYA. The federal lands and their associated wildlife, geologic wonders, and recreational opportunities are considered the GYA’s most valuable economic asset. GYA, and especially the national parks, have long been a place for important scientific discoveries, an inspiration for creativity, and an important national and international stage for fundamental discussions about the interactions of humans and nature (e.g., Keiter and Boyce 1991; Pritchard 1999; Schullery 2004; Quammen 2016). Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as the world’s first national park, is the heart of the GYA. Grand Teton National Park, created in 1929 and expanded to its present size in 1950, is located south of Yellowstone National Park1 and is dominated by the rugged Teton Range rising from the valley of Jackson Hole. The Gallatin-Custer, Shoshone, Bridger-Teton, Caribou-Targhee, and Beaverhead-Deerlodge national forests encircle the two national parks and include the highest mountain ranges in the region. The National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge also lie within GYA.

scholarly journals Public Use of Masks to Control the Coronavirus Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Longrich
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
World Health ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The Public ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Made In

The US and UK governments, as well as the World Health Organization, currently advise against the use of masks by the public to fight the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic (1). But could they be wrong? The governments of China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Viet Nam, Czechia, Slovakia, Bosnia and Taiwan all recommend that the public wear masks to slow the spread of the coronavirus. In some countries, like Japan, masks aren’t officially recommended, but are still widely used by the public. Many countries treat masks as a strategic resource. China has ramped up production of facemasks, converting Foxconn factories that once made iPhones to make face masks. Taiwan has also ramped up the production of facemasks, prohibited their export, and implemented price controls and rationing. It’s hard to see how both approaches could be right. Increasingly, advice against the use of face masks has been questioned (1) (2) (3), including by the head of China’s CDC (4). Common sense, scientific studies, but perhaps most of all the success of countries using masks to fight the coronavirus suggest that masks may make a difference. There are fewer scientific studies available to guide decision making than we might like, and the evidence is not always clear-cut. However, decision-making in a crisis requires that decisions be made in the absence of perfect clarity. What is clear is that the exponential mathematics of pandemics mean that even if masks are of limited benefit in reducing infection rates, masks could make a large difference over time, potentially slowing the pace of the pandemic, limiting its spread, saving lives, and finally, letting countries to restart the economies that their people depend on for their livelihoods.

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