scholarly journals Sealand, HavenCo, and the Rule of Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Grimmelmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Internet History ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Pirate Radio

2012 University of Illinois Law Review 405 (2012)In 2000, a group of American entrepreneurs moved to a former World War II anti-aircraft platform in the North Sea, seven miles off the British coast, and launched HavenCo, one of the strangest start-ups in Internet history. A former pirate radio broadcaster, Roy Bates, had occupied the platform in the 1960s, moved his family aboard, and declared it to be the sovereign Principality of Sealand. HavenCo's founders were opposed to governmental censorship and control of the Internet; by putting computer servers on Sealand, they planned to create a "data haven" for unpopular speech, safely beyond the reach of any other country. This article tells the full story of Sealand and HavenCo - and examines what they have to tell us about the nature of the rule of law in the age of the Internet.The story itself is fascinating enough: it includes pirate radio, shotguns and .50-caliber machine guns, rampant copyright infringement, a Red Bull skateboarding special, perpetual motion machines, and the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of State. But its implications for the rule of law are even more remarkable. Previous scholars have seen HavenCo as a straightforward challenge to the rule of law: by threatening to undermine national authority, HavenCo was implacably opposed to all law. As the fuller history shows, however, this story is too simplistic. HavenCo also depended on international law to recognize and protect Sealand, and on Sealand law to protect it from Sealand itself. Where others have seen HavenCo's failure as the triumph of traditional regulatory authorities over HavenCo, the article argues that in a very real sense, HavenCo failed not from too much law but from too little. The "law' that was supposed to keep HavenCo safe was law only in a thin, formalistic sense, disconnected from the human institutions that make and enforce law. But without those institutions, law does not work, as HavenCo discovered.

Arctic meteorological operations and counter-operations during world War II

Polar Record ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (135) ◽  
pp. 559-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Selinger ◽  
Alexander Glen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Free Access ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Northern Atlantic Ocean

By autumn 1940 the first round of fighting in World War II was over. In northern Europe, German forces occupied Poland, Norway and Denmark. Both sides recognized that further operations demanded naval and air superiority in northern waters. Germany needed free access to the Atlantic Ocean through the North Sea; Britain had to prevent that access, which threatened the lifeline to the United States. More than ever before, it became essential for both sides to have meteorological information from the northern Atlantic Ocean area. Germany's need was especially acute, for the routes for her shipping from ports in Scandinavia traversed enemy-patrolled waters, where foul weather was essential for evasion.

Reflecting on exploration in the North Sea in the 1960s

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Steenland
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The 1960S

Rendezvous on the High Plateau

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Öhrström
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
High Plateau ◽  
The North ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
National Flag ◽  
The Hill

The two men in white anoraks were slowly approaching, skiing in the bitter cold over the Hardangervidda mountain plateau in the winter of 1943. Were they friends or foes? This was a matter of life and death for the six young men watching the only other living beings in sight for miles of snow-clad wilderness. Their pace was slow, the men were thin and didn’t look too well, just as if they might well have spent 130 days of the winter of 1942–43 hidden in a rudimentary hut on the mountain, surviving on moss and poached reindeer. It had to be them. The group’s leader, Joachim Rønneberg, decided to make contact. This story is first a tragedy and then a success, and it does not begin on the Hardangervidda but in Scotland where Britain’s ski capital, the small town of Aviemore in the Cairngorms National Park, is going to be our starting point for several dangerous journeys across the North Sea. A few years ago we drove up the main mountain road, eventually leading to the Cairn Gorm peak itself, 4,084 feet (1,245 metres) above sea level, and passed the park’s visitors’ centre located in pretty surroundings by a small lake. We glimpsed something flapping in the wind that did look a bit like the Union Jack, an unlikely occurrence in the highlands. We turned around and took the path up the hill, and soon discovered that what we first mistook for the British ensign, because of its colours, was in fact the Norwegian national flag. In 1468, when the Norwegians gave away their last Scottish possessions to King James III in Edinburgh, the Norwegian flag had not even been invented, so we were a wee bit curious as to why it was flying here, in the heart of the Cairngorms. But of course, mountains, snow, and skiing—what could be more Norwegian? And this simplistic reasoning is actually closer to the answer than we might have thought, as a commemorative sign told us that on this spot were the lodgings of the famous Kompani Linge during World War II.

Clay mineral distribution and provenance in Mesozoic and Tertiary mudrocks of the Moray Firth and northern North Sea

Clay Minerals ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Moray Firth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Northern North Sea ◽  
And Control

AbstractClay mineral abundances in Mesozoic and Tertiary argillaceous strata from 15 exploration wells in the Inner and Outer Moray Firth, Viking Graben and East Shetland Basins of the northern North Sea have been determined in <0·2 µm fractions of cuttings samples. The clay assemblages of more deeply-buried samples cannot be unambiguously related to sedimentary input because of the diagenetic overprint which may account for much of the chlorite and related interstratified minerals. Other sediments, discussed on a regional basis and related to the geological history of the basins, are interpreted in terms of clay mineral provenance and control by climate, tectonic and volcanic activity. The distribution of illite-smectite can often be related to volcanic activity both in the Forties area during the M. Jurassic, and on the NE Atlantic continental margin during the U. Cretaceous-Early Tertiary which affected the North Sea more widely and left a prominent record in the Viking Graben and East Shetland Basin. Kaolinite associated with lignite-bearing sediments in the Outer Moray Firth Basin was probably derived by alteration of volcanic material in lagoonal or deltaic environments. Some U. Jurassic and L. Cretaceous sediments of the Inner Moray Basin are rich in illite-smectite, the origin of which is not clear.

Control Valve Design Impact on Piping Vibration

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McGhee ◽  
Doug Newlands ◽  
Stuart Farquhar ◽  
Herbert L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Pipe Breakage ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fatigue Failures

Vibration of the recycle piping system on the Main Oil Line (MOL) Export Pumps from a platform in the North Sea raised concern about pipe breakage due to fatigue. Failures had already occurred in associated small bore piping and the instrument air supply lines and control accessories on the recycle flow control valves. Concern also existed due to the vibration of non-flowing pipe work and systems such as the deck structure, cable trays and other instrumentation, which included fire and gas detection systems. Many changes involving bracing of small bore attachments, stiffening of supports, adding supports and stiffing the deck structure were implemented without resolving the problem. The vibration was finally solved by adding enough pressure stages to assure the valve trim exit velcoities and energy levels were reduced to levels demonstrated historically as needed in severe service applications. This vibration energy reduction was more than 16 times. This was achieved by reducing the valve trim exit velocity from peaks of 74 m/s to 12 m/s (240 ft/s to 40 ft/s).

Licence to Kill: The Murderous Outrages Act and the rule of law in colonial India, 1867–1925

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK CONDOS
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
North West ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The North ◽  
Executive Authority ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exceptional Character

AbstractIn 1867, the Government of India passed one of the most brutal-minded and draconian laws ever created in colonial India. Known as the ‘Murderous Outrages Act’, this law gave colonial officials along the North-West Frontier wide powers to transgress India's legal codes in order to summarily execute and dispose of individuals identified as ‘fanatics’. Arguments for the creation and preservation of this law invariably centred around claims about the purportedly ‘exceptional’ character of frontier governance, particularly the idea that this was a region that existed in a perpetual state of war and crisis. Far from being peripheral in its impact, this article explores how this law both drew upon and enabled a wider legal culture that pervaded India in the wake of 1857. It argues that this law was a signal example of British attempts to mask the brute power of executive authority through legalistic terms, and was also evocative of a distinctly ‘warlike’ logic of colonial legality.

scholarly journals Features of Coordination Activities of Prosecuting Authorities of Ukraine in the Field of Combating Crime and Corruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 4001-4010
Author(s):  
Anton Voitenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Administrative Legislation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article presents the substantiation of theoretical provisions and the development of practical recommendations for improving the coordination of prosecuting bodies of Ukraine in the field of combating crime and corruption based on studying the features of such coordination. It is proposed to understand the coordinative activity of prosecuting bodies as the direct activities of prosecutors to the organization of interaction between public authorities and the prospect of achieving the goal based on compliance with the rule of law. It is established that coordination of law enforcement agencies, including prosecuting authorities, in the context of combating crime and corruption should be based on the principles of the rule of law, legality, independence and equality of the subjects which carry out coordination activities, the obligation to implement measures to combat crime and control the implementation, systematic and complete use of various forms of coordination activities, publicity and openness in implementation of coordination measures, independence of bodies involved in decision-making, based on the results of coordination activities, the responsibility of heads of prosecuting bodies for the results of high-quality and timely coordination of measures to combat crime and corruption. It is proved that properly organized relations between the prosecuting bodies give grounds for increasing the effectiveness of the implemented measures in combating crime and corruption. It is suggested that the prospects for further research improve the administrative legislation governing the activities of the prosecuting authorities of Ukraine in combating corruption.

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