scholarly journals Probabilistic near-field tsunami source and tsunami run-up distribution inferred from tsunami run-up records in northern Chile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Understanding a tsunami source and its impact is vital to assess a tsunami hazard. Thanks to the efforts of the tsunami survey teams, high-quality tsunami run-up data exists for contemporary events. Still, it has not been widely used to infer a tsunami source and its impact mainly due to the computational burden of the tsunami forward model. In this study, we propose a TRRF-INV (Tsunami Run-up Response Function-based INVersion) model that can provide probabilistic estimates of a near-field tsunami source and tsunami run-up distribution from a small number of run-up records. We tested the TRRF-INV model with synthetic tsunami scenarios in northern Chile and applied it to the 2014 Iquique, Chile, tsunami event as a case study. The results demonstrated that the TRRF-INV model can provide a reasonable tsunami source estimate to first order and estimate tsunami run-up distribution well. Moreover, the case study results agree well with the United States Geological Survey report and the global Centroid Moment Tensor solution. We also analyzed the performance of the TRRF-INV model depending on the number and the uncertainty of run-up records. We believe that the TRRF-INV model has the potential for supporting accurate hazard assessment by (1) providing new insights from tsunami run-up records into the tsunami source and its impact, (2) using the TRRF-INV model as a tool to support existing tsunami inversion models, and (3) estimating a tsunami source and its impact for ancient events where no data other than estimated run-up from sediment deposit data exists.

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON A TSUNAMI RUN-UP RESPONSE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juh-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer L. Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Tsunami Forecast ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Tsunami Forecasting ◽  
Fault Parameters ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Since near-field-generated tsunamis can arrive within a few minutes to coastal communities and cause immense damage to life and property, tsunami forecasting systems should provide not only accurate but also rapid tsunami run-up estimates. For this reason, most of the tsunami forecasting systems rely on pre-computed databases, which can forecast tsunamis rapidly by selecting the most closely matched scenario from the databases. However, earthquakes not included in the database can occur, and the resulting error in the tsunami forecast may be large for these earthquakes. In this study, we present a new method that can forecast near-field tsunami run-up estimates for any combination of earthquake fault parameters on a real topography in near real-time, hereafter called the Tsunami Run-up Response Function (TRRF).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/tw1D29dDxmY

Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Run-Up and Inundation for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki Tsunami: A Parametric Analysis for Tsunami Run-Up and Wave Height

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Basu ◽  
Robert Sewell ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Ron Janetzke ◽  
Biswajit Dasgupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Tsunami Source ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

This paper presents computational results for predicting earthquake-generated tsunami from a developed integrated computational framework. The computational framework encompasses the entire spectrum of modeling the earthquake-generated tsunami source, open-sea wave propagation, and wave run-up including inundation and on-shore effects. The present work develops a simplified source model based on pertinent local geologic and tectonic processes, observed seismic data (i.e., data obtained by inversion of seismic waves from seismographic measurements), and geodetic data (i.e., directly measured seafloor and land deformations). These source models estimated configurations of seafloor deformation used as initial waveforms in tsunami simulations. Together with sufficiently accurate and resolved bathymetric and topographic data, they provided the inputs needed to numerically simulate tsunami wave propagation, inundation and coastal impact. The present work systematically analyzes the effect of the tsunami source model on predicted tsunami behavior and the associated variability for the 2011 Tōhuku-Oki tsunami. Simulations were carried out for the 2011 Tōhuku -Oki Tsunami that took place on March 11, 2011, from an MW 9.1 earthquake. The numerical simulations were performed using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq hydrodynamics code, FUNWAVE-TVD (distributed by the University of Delaware). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was also carried out to study the effect of earthquake magnitude on the predicted wave height. The effect of coastal structure on the wave amplification at the shore is also studied. Simulated tsunami results for wave heights are compared to the available observational data from GPS (Global Positioning System) at the central Miyagi location.

scholarly journals Dysphagia Management in Schools: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-546
Author(s):  
Catherine Felicetti ◽  
Kelly Richardson ◽  
Angela Mansolillo
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
School Based ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pediatric Feeding ◽  
Survey Responses

Purpose To date, few studies have examined school-based pediatric feeding and swallowing practices across the United States. This study aims to (a) identify barriers to feeding and swallowing service provision in an educational setting and (b) identify the types of service suggested by school-based speech-language pathologists in response to a fictional case study. Method School-based speech-language pathologists and clinical fellows were invited to participate in a 15-min web-based survey. The survey questions addressed demographic and vocational information and perceived barriers to service provision. Survey respondents were also asked to develop a treatment plan in response to a fictional case study. In total, 200 anonymous survey responses were coded and analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. Results A number of barriers to practice were identified, which include academic and/or clinical preparedness and concerns related to the educational relevance of service. Analysis of the case study results indicated a wide range of treatment plans. The most common type of direct intervention suggested was an oral motor exercise regime, followed by diet modifications, and the implementation of safe swallow strategies. Conclusions Information gained in this study may be used to support policies and protocols related to the assessment and treatment of pediatric feeding and swallowing impairment in school settings.

Institutional and Political Antecedents of Interjurisdictional Tax Harmonization: Lessons from Three States

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Hageman ◽  
Donna Bobek Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
State Action ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurs ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Use Tax

ABSTRACT: Within the United States, the current sales and use tax (SUT) system is riddled with complexity, in part because of the lack of coordination between jurisdictions. One vehicle of cooperative state action is the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This study employs an in-depth qualitative analysis of three states to examine the institutional and political influences on a state's decision to adopt legislation conforming to the provisions of this interjurisdictional tax agreement, and the political strategies and tactics used by supporting and opposing interest groups. Relying on interest group theory and institutional theory, case study results indicate that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. The presence of strong institutional entrepreneurs and normative pressures to adopt are also critical. These findings have significant implications for jurisdictions that seek to adopt a consolidated tax base across member states, including the SSUTA, as well as potential harmonization attempts by the European Union.

scholarly journals Technology Readiness and Customer Satisfaction with Travel Technologies: A Cross-Country Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Kevin Kam Fung So ◽  
Beverley A. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technology Readiness ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality

Technologies have dramatically transformed tourist experience. However, research has largely focused on traveler attitudes and technology adoption rather than their experience with travel technologies. Taking a cross-country perspective, this study examines the role of technology readiness (TR) as a personality trait in shaping travelers’ satisfaction with travel technologies, using airlines as a case study. Results of an online survey of travelers in Australia, China, and the United States revealed the moderating effects of the TR dimensions of optimism and innovativeness as well as country of residence on the relationships between perceived quality of technology-enabled services (TESs), satisfaction with TESs, overall satisfaction, and future behavior. These relationships were stronger among travelers with higher TR and varied across countries. The results suggest that tourism and hospitality service providers should incorporate measures of traveler TR and TESs’ performance into their customer-experience monitoring system.

scholarly journals Exposure and toxicity characterization of chemical emissions and chemicals in products: global recommendations and implementation in USEtox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fantke ◽  
Weihsueh A. Chiu ◽  
Lesa Aylward ◽  
Richard Judson ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Product Type ◽  
World Health ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Life Cycle Initiative ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Purpose Reducing chemical pressure on human and environmental health is an integral part of the global sustainability agenda. Guidelines for deriving globally applicable, life cycle–based indicators are required to consistently quantify toxicity impacts from chemical emissions as well as from chemicals in consumer products. In response, we elaborate the methodological framework and present recommendations for advancing near-field/far-field exposure and toxicity characterization, and for implementing these recommendations into the scientific consensus model USEtox. Methods An expert taskforce was convened by the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by UN Environment to expand existing guidance for evaluating human toxicity impacts from exposure to chemical substances. This taskforce evaluated scientific advances since the original release of USEtox and identified two major aspects that required refinement, namely integrating near-field and far-field exposure, and improving human dose-response modeling. Dedicated efforts have led to a set of recommendations to address these aspects in an update of USEtox, while ensuring consistency with the boundary conditions for characterizing life cycle toxicity impacts and being aligned with recommendations from agencies that regulate chemical exposure. The proposed updated USEtox framework was tested in an illustrative rice production and consumption case study. Results and discussion On the exposure side, a matrix system is proposed and recommended to integrate far-field exposure from environmental emissions with near-field exposure from chemicals in various consumer product types. Consumer exposure is addressed via sub-models for each product type to account for product type-specific characteristics and exposure settings. Case study results illustrate that product use–related exposure dominates overall life cycle exposure. On the effect side, a probabilistic dose-response approach combined with a decision tree for identifying reliable points of departure is proposed for non-cancer effects, following recent guidance from the World Health Organization. This approach allows for explicitly considering both uncertainty and human variability in toxicity effect factors. Factors reflecting disease severity are proposed to distinguish cancer from non-cancer effects and within the latter to discriminate reproductive/developmental and other non-cancer effects. All proposed aspects have been consistently implemented into the original USEtox framework. Conclusions The recommended methodological advancements address several key limitations in earlier approaches. Next steps are to test the new characterization framework in additional case studies and to close remaining research gaps. Our framework is applicable for evaluating chemical emissions and product-related exposure in life cycle assessment, chemical alternatives assessment and chemical substitution, consumer exposure and risk screening, and high-throughput chemical prioritization.

A Case Study of Decentralized Off-Grid Water Treatment Using Reverse Osmosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Baghaei Lakeh ◽  
Daniel Andrade ◽  
Kyle J. Miller ◽  
Bowen Du ◽  
Joshua Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
High Pressure Pump

Decentralized water treatment consists of a variety of water treatment techniques for dwellings, industrial facilities, homes, and businesses independent of the power grid. According to the United States Geological Survey, brackish groundwater is abundant in the southwestern states including California; hence it can potentially be considered a new source for California’s water portfolio. Most of membrane-based desalination technologies (e.g. reverse osmosis) have high energy demand and cost. Using renewable energy (mostly solar photovoltaics) in concert with membrane-based water desalination can be utilized to develop decentralized and off-grid brackish water desalination systems especially for remote and rural regions. In this paper, the results of a case study on decentralized off-grid brackish water system have been presented and discussed. The system utilizes a high pressure pump that can provide a feed flow rate of 2.2 gpm of at 140 psi. The system is run by solar photovoltaic panels through a battery bank. The results of the study show that the system is capable of treating brackish water at a salt rejection rate of more than 97.5% and a recovery rate up to 80%.

scholarly journals Rapid prediction of alongshore run-up distribution from near-field tsunamis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Rapid Prediction ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Rsm Model ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Rapid prediction of the spatial distribution of the run-up from near- field tsunamis is critically important for tsunami hazard characterization. Even though significant advances have been made over the last decade, physics- based numerical models are still computationally intensive. Here, we present a response surface methodology (RSM)-based model called the tsunami run-up response function (TRRF). Derived from a discrete set of tsunami simulations, TRRF can produce a rapid prediction of a near-field tsunami run-up distribution that takes into account the influence of variable local topographic and bathymetric characteristics in a given region. This new method reduces the number of simulations required to build an RSM model by separately modeling the leading order contribution and the residual part of the tsunami run-up distribution. Using the northern region of Puerto Rico as a case study, we investigated the performance (accuracy, computational time) of the TRRF. The results reveal that the TRRF achieves reliable prediction while reducing the prediction time by six orders of magnitude (computational time: < 1 second per earthquake).

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Schlurmann ◽  
Widjo Kongko ◽  
Nils Goseberg ◽  
Danny Hilman Natawidjaja ◽  
Kerry Sieh
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Inundation Area ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Run Up ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City

Near-field tsunami propagation both in shallow water environments and bore-like wave propagation on land are conducted in this study to obtain fundamental knowledge on the tsunami hazard potential in the city of Padang, Western Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia. As the region proves a huge seismic moment deficit which has progressively accumulated since the last recorded major earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, this investigation focuses on most reasonable seismic sources and possibly triggered nearshore tsunamis in order to develop upgraded disaster mitigations programs in this densely-populated urban agglomeration located on the western shore of Sumatra Island. Observations from continuous Global Positioning Satellite (cGPS) systems and supplementary coral growth studies confirm a much greater probability of occurrence that a major earthquake and subsequent tsunami are likely to strike the region in the near future. Newly surveyed and processed sets of geodata have been collected and used to progress most plausible rupture scenarios to approximate the extent and magnitudes of a further earthquake. Based upon this novel understanding, the present analysis applies two hydronumerical codes to simulate most probable tsunami run-up and subsequent inundations in the city of Padang in very fine resolution. Run-up heights and flow-depths are determined stemming from these most plausible rupture scenarios. Evaluation of outcome and performance of both numerical tools regarding impacts of surge flow and bore-like wave fronts encountering the coast and inundating the city are thoroughly carried out. Results are discussed not only for further scientific purposes, i.e. benchmark tests, but also to disseminate main findings to responsible authorities in Padang with the objective to distribute the most probable dataset of plausible tsunami inundations as well as to address valuable insights and knowledge for effective counter measures, i.e. evacuation routes and shelter building. Following evacuation simulations based on rational assumptions and simplifications reveal a most alerting result as about 260.000 people are living in the highly exposed potential tsunami inundation area in the city of Padang of which more than 90.000 people will need more than 30 min. to evacuate to safe areas.

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