scholarly journals A Proof of the Goldbach and Polignac Conjectures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. South
Keyword(s):  

For any prime $p_i \leq a$, where $a \in \mathbb{N}$ and $a > 3$, it is possible to define some $b_i \in \mathbb{N}$ where $a - b_i = p_i$. Using this fact, it will be shown that there exists some $q_i \in \mathbb{N}$ where $a + b_i = q_i$, and $q_i$ is a prime number, by proving solutions cannot exist when $2a = q_i +p_i$ for all prime $p_i \leq a$, and $\prod_{i = 1}^{\pi(a)}q_i = \prod_{i = 1}^{\pi(a)}p_i^{\alpha_i}$ for some $\alpha_i \in \mathbb{N}$ when $a > 3$. A similar method will be employed to prove every even number is the difference of two primes by assigning to any odd, prime $p_i \leq a$ some $b_i' \in \mathbb{N}$ where $a - b_i' = -p_i$, along with the existence of $q_i' \in \mathbb{N}$ where $a +b_i' = q_i'$ and showing solutions cannot exist for $a > 3$ when $2a = q_i' - p_i$ for all odd $p_i \leq a$, and $\prod_{i = 2}^{\pi(a)}q_i' = \prod_{i = 2}^{\pi(a)}p_i^{\alpha_i'}$ for some $\alpha_i' \in \mathbb{N}$. The Polignac Conjecture will then follow.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hamdy Diab

Abstract We make two algorithms that generate all prime numbers up to a given limit, they are a development of sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm, we use two formulas to achieve this development, where all the multiples of prime number 2 are eliminated in the first formula, and all the multiples of prime numbers 2 and 3 are eliminated in the second formula. Using the first algorithm we proof sieve of Sundaram's algorithm, then we improve it to be more efficient prime generating algorithm. We will show the difference in performance between all the algorithms we will make and sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm in terms of run time.


1888 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
J. Watt Butters

[At the first meeting of this Session a paper was read on the value of cos 2π/17, which evidently may be made to depend on the solution of x17 – 1 = 0.* The present paper is the outcome of a suggestion then made, that a sketch of Gauss's treatment of the general equation might prove interesting. To give completeness to the subject the necessary theorems on congruences have been prefixed. The convenient notation introduced by Gauss is here adopted; thus, when the difference between a and b is divisible by p, instead of writing a = Mp + b, we may write a ≡ b (mod p), the value of M seldom being of importance. It is evident that if a ≡ b, then na ≡ nb, and an ≡ bn, n being any positive integer, and the same modulus p being understood throughout. Also a/n ≡ b/n provided n be prime to p. Other properties (similar to those of equations) are easily seen, but only the above are needed here.


1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.


1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Westall

AbstractThe oldest cell-like structures on Earth are preserved in silicified lagoonal, shallow sea or hydrothermal sediments, such as some Archean formations in Western Australia and South Africa. Previous studies concentrated on the search for organic fossils in Archean rocks. Observations of silicified bacteria (as silica minerals) are scarce for both the Precambrian and the Phanerozoic, but reports of mineral bacteria finds, in general, are increasing. The problems associated with the identification of authentic fossil bacteria and, if possible, closer identification of bacteria type can, in part, be overcome by experimental fossilisation studies. These have shown that not all bacteria fossilise in the same way and, indeed, some seem to be very resistent to fossilisation. This paper deals with a transmission electron microscope investigation of the silicification of four species of bacteria commonly found in the environment. The Gram positiveBacillus laterosporusand its spore produced a robust, durable crust upon silicification, whereas the Gram negativePseudomonas fluorescens, Ps. vesicularis, andPs. acidovoranspresented delicately preserved walls. The greater amount of peptidoglycan, containing abundant metal cation binding sites, in the cell wall of the Gram positive bacterium, probably accounts for the difference in the mode of fossilisation. The Gram positive bacteria are, therefore, probably most likely to be preserved in the terrestrial and extraterrestrial rock record.


1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
N. F. Tyagun

AbstractThe interrelationship of half-widths and intensities for the red, green and yellow lines is considered. This is a direct relationship for the green and yellow line and an inverse one for the red line. The difference in the relationships of half-widths and intensities for different lines appears to be due to substantially dissimilar structuring and to a set of line-of-sight motions in ”hot“ and ”cold“ corona regions.When diagnosing the coronal plasma, one cannot neglect the filling factor - each line has such a factor of its own.


Author(s):  
Jules S. Jaffe ◽  
Robert M. Glaeser

Although difference Fourier techniques are standard in X-ray crystallography it has only been very recently that electron crystallographers have been able to take advantage of this method. We have combined a high resolution data set for frozen glucose embedded Purple Membrane (PM) with a data set collected from PM prepared in the frozen hydrated state in order to visualize any differences in structure due to the different methods of preparation. The increased contrast between protein-ice versus protein-glucose may prove to be an advantage of the frozen hydrated technique for visualizing those parts of bacteriorhodopsin that are embedded in glucose. In addition, surface groups of the protein may be disordered in glucose and ordered in the frozen state. The sensitivity of the difference Fourier technique to small changes in structure provides an ideal method for testing this hypothesis.


Author(s):  
P. Maupin-Szamier ◽  
T. D. Pollard

We have studied the destruction of rabbit muscle actin filaments by osmium tetroxide (OSO4) to develop methods which will preserve the structure of actin filaments during preparation for transmission electron microscopy.Negatively stained F-actin, which appears as smooth, gently curved filaments in control samples (Fig. 1a), acquire an angular, distorted profile and break into progressively shorter pieces after exposure to OSO4 (Fig. 1b,c). We followed the time course of the reaction with viscometry since it is a simple, quantitative method to assess filament integrity. The difference in rates of decay in viscosity of polymerized actin solutions after the addition of four concentrations of OSO4 is illustrated in Fig. 2. Viscometry indicated that the rate of actin filament destruction is also dependent upon temperature, buffer type, buffer concentration, and pH, and requires the continued presence of OSO4. The conditions most favorable to filament preservation are fixation in a low concentration of OSO4 for a short time at 0°C in 100mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0.


Author(s):  
Y. H. Liu

Ordered Ni3Fe crystals possess a LI2 type superlattice similar to the Cu3Au structure. The difference in slip behavior of the superlattice as compared with that of a disordered phase has been well established. Cottrell first postulated that the increase in resistance for slip in the superlattice structure is attributed to the presence of antiphase domain boundaries. Following Cottrell's domain hardening mechanism, numerous workers have proposed other refined models also involving the presence of domain boundaries. Using the anomalous X-ray diffraction technique, Davies and Stoloff have shown that the hardness of the Ni3Fe superlattice varies with the domain size. So far, no direct observation of antiphase domain boundaries in Ni3Fe has been reported. Because the atomic scattering factors of the elements in NijFe are so close, the superlattice reflections are not easily detected. Furthermore, the domain configurations in NioFe are thought to be independent of the crystallographic orientations.


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