CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology applications in biological and biomedical fields

Gene therapy is a way of mending or replacing a gene in an undesirable or non-functional cell. Although used in both animals and plants, gene therapy is most usually linked with humans. Because there are so many genetic disorders caused by genetic abnormalities or unwanted gene expression, gene therapy is promising to treat and even cure many diseases. The scientific and pharmaceutical sectors are becoming interested in gene therapy.CRISPR was initially detected in prokaryotic organisms, bacteria and archaea genomes. Although nucleotide sequences are regularly discovered in many bacteria and archaea, the scientific community has not realized its importance for over a decade. People used these diverse DNA sequences as a diagnostic for genotyping and therefore considered them as a distinctive feature for each particular microbe. Scientists are beginning to comprehend that the CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic defense system's adaptive immunity to viruses, due to the discovery of CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) and the use of recombinant DNA technology. This recently discovered CRISPR/Cas system was swiftly developed as a tool for editing a specific gene in a genome. Since 2012, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has been quickly researched and applied in several biological and biomedical fields. For various basic and practical research reasons, as well as biotechnological applications in agriculture and healthcare, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has altered and improved greatly over the past five years. Base editor invention and prime editing technology by fusing a Cas endonuclease with other functional enzymes, such as base converter enzymes, is one of several milestones in this fast progress.