scholarly journals Longitudinal predictors of the development of a calling: new evidence for the a posteriori hypothesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dalla Rosa ◽  
Michelangelo Vianello ◽  
Pasquale Anselmi
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Over Time

The literature is far from providing a clear answer about the development of callings over time. It has been hypothesized that calling is a consequence of positive experiences in a domain (a posteriori hypothesis), or that it is the antecedent of career choices and development (a priori hypothesis), or both (reciprocal hypothesis). To investigate which hypothesis better describes the development of a calling, a three-wave longitudinal study was conducted in which we tested the temporal precedence between calling and (1) clarity of professional identity, (2) engagement in learning activities, and (3) presence of a supportive social environment. Four competing structural equation models were estimated and compared. The results suggest that clarity of professional identity, engagement in learning, and social support positively predict calling rather than the opposite, and they provide support for the a posteriori hypothesis of calling development. Students who are actively engaged in their studies and have a clear idea of their occupational future are more likely to develop a calling over time. In addition, the results suggest that the presence of a supportive environment helps students to develop their calling. Implications for theory and research on calling are discussed.

A Preventive Approach for Consistent OWL 2 DL Ontology Versions

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-101
Author(s):  
Wassim Jaziri ◽  
Leila Bayoudhi ◽  
Najla Sassi
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Ontology Engineering ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Preventive Approach ◽  
Semantic Modelling ◽  
Prevention Approach ◽  
Over Time

Knowledge is continually changing over time. As such, semantic modelling knowledge formalisms, such as ontologies, must follow this evolution and change accordingly. However, ontology changes should never affect consistency. An ontology needs to remain in a consistent state along the whole ontology engineering process. In the literature, most of the approaches check/repair ontology inconsistencies in an a posteriori manner. This costs time and resources. In this article, an inconsistency prevention approach is proposed. It relies on OWL 2 DL change kits, which anticipate inconsistencies upon each change request. The proposed approach predicts potential inconsistencies, provides an a priori repair action, and applies the required changes. Consistency rules are defined and used to check logical inconsistencies, but also syntactical invalidities or style issues. A protégé extension is implemented to validate the proposal.

scholarly journals Understanding Between-Person Interventions With Time-Intensive Longitudinal Outcome Data: Longitudinal Mediation Analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Berli ◽  
Jennifer Inauen ◽  
Gertraud Stadler ◽  
Urte Scholz ◽  
Patrick E Shrout
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Longitudinal Mediation ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions ◽  
Longitudinal Outcome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Mediation analysis is an important tool for understanding the processes through which interventions affect health outcomes over time. Typically the temporal intervals between X, M, and Y are fixed by design, and little focus is given to the temporal dynamics of the processes. Purpose In this article, we aim to highlight the importance of considering the timing of the causal effects of a between-person intervention X, on M and Y, resulting in a deeper understanding of mediation. Methods We provide a framework for examining the impact of a between-person intervention X on M and Y over time when M and Y are measured repeatedly. Five conceptual and analytic steps involve visualizing the effects of the intervention on Y, M, the relationship of M and Y, and the mediating process over time and selecting an appropriate analytic model. Results We demonstrate how these steps can be applied to two empirical examples of health behavior change interventions. We show that the patterns of longitudinal mediation can be fit with versions of longitudinal multilevel structural equation models that represent how the magnitude of direct and indirect effects vary over time. Conclusions We urge researchers and methodologists to pay more attention to temporal dynamics in the causal analysis of interventions.

Construct Validation of Hebrew Versions of Three Physical Self-Concept Measures: An Extended Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Marsh ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
Sima Zach ◽  
Garry E. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Education Majors ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Physical Education Majors ◽  
Validity Criteria

This study extends support for the construct validity of the three strongest physical self-concept measures for 395 Israeli university students (60% women) aged 18 to 54, demonstrating a new extension of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) design that incorporates external validity criteria and a test of jingle-jangle fallacies. Structural equation models of this MTMM data confirmed the a priori 23-factor structure of the three instruments, and the convergent and discriminant validity of factors from each instrument in relation to those from the other instruments. There were few age effects, whereas gender differences were smaller than expected and stable over age. In support of the known-group-difference approach, physical education majors had systematically higher physical self-concepts than management majors. Relations of body image to self-concept factors supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the physical self-concept factors and the separation of body fat from physical appearance self-concepts, but having a more obese body was not significantly related to health self-concept or global self-esteem factors.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Socio-Economic Strains and Population Gains: Urban and Rural Communities of Canada 1981-2001

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Fernando Mata ◽  
Ray D. Bollman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
Over Time

Important demographic shifts have occurred in Canada in the last decades. As a consequence of these shifts, many geographical communities have won or lost substantial number of residents between 1981 and 2001. Using the CCS (consolidated census subdivision) data set of the Agriculture Division of Statistics Canada, the paper explores the linkages between socio-economic strains and population changes affecting communities in a variety of regional and provincial contexts. A total of 2,607 rural and urban consolidated census subdivisions were examined across five census periods. Quasi simplex structural equation models using unemployment, earnings and poverty as indicators were tested on a variety of communities located in various OECD regions and provinces. Although the predictive power of strains on population gains was found to be limited in the models, a higher level of strain was persistently found to be negatively associated with population gains regardless of regional and provincial groupings of communities. Socio-economic strains were also observed to be relatively stable over time across a variety of geographies.

scholarly journals Disaggregating Associations of Between-Person Differences in Change over Time from Associations of Within-Person Fluctuation in Longitudinal Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesa Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Simulation Methods ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Over Time

In longitudinal models with time-varying predictors, the need to distinguish their within-person (WP) relations of time-specific residuals from their between-person (BP) relations of individual means is relatively well-known. In contrast, the need to further distinguish their BP relations of individual time slopes has received much less attention. This article addresses the deleterious impact that ignoring effects of individual time slopes in time-varying predictors can have on the recovery of BP intercept and WP residual relations in commonly used variants of longitudinal models. Using simulation methods and analyses of example data, this problem is demonstrated within univariate longitudinal models (i.e., multilevel or mixed-effects models using observed predictors), as well as in multivariate longitudinal models (i.e., structural equation models using latent predictors, including those for cross-lagged relations). Recommendations are provided for how to avoid conflating the BP and WP associations of longitudinal variables in practice.

scholarly journals The Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Comfort Food Consumption over Time: The Mediational Role of Emotional Distress

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1910
Author(s):  
Camila Salazar-Fernández ◽  
Daniela Palet ◽  
Paola A. Haeger ◽  
Francisca Román Mella
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Comfort Food ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Over Time

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on populations at an economic, health, and on an interpersonal level, it is still unclear how it has affected health-risk behaviors, such as comfort food consumption over time. This study longitudinally examines the effect of the perceived impact of COVID-19 on comfort food consumption and whether this effect is mediated by emotional distress. A convenience sample of 1048 students and university staff (academic and non-academic) from two universities completed monthly online surveys during the COVID-19 pandemic across six waves (W; W1 to W6). Participants reported their perceived impact of COVID-19 (economic, interpersonal, and health), comfort food consumption, and emotional distress (DASS-21). Using structural equation models, we found an indirect longitudinal effect of the perceived impact of COVID-19 (W1) on comfort food consumption (W3 to W6) through increased emotional distress (W2). The perceived negative impact of COVID-19 on comfort food consumption was fully mediated by the emotional distress during the first waves (W3 and W4), ending in a partial mediation in the last waves (W5 and W6). These findings contribute to disentangling the mechanisms by which the perceived impact of COVID-19 affects comfort food consumption over time, and highlight the role of emotional distress. Future interventions should address comfort food consumption by focusing on handling emotional distress during a crisis.

Public Policy in Private International Law: Guardian or Barrier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Cecilia Fresnedo de Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
The Public ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the restricted character of international public policy and on the fact that though it belongs to each State, many of its fundamental principles are enshrined in human rights conventions and private international law conventions and therefore are shared by all the States Parties to that convention, which enables the integration and articulation of diversity, at either a regional or a universal level. Consequently, the identification of those shared fundamental principles should increase the predictability of results in private international law cases and soften the barrier that the public policy exception imposes regarding foreign laws and judgments. Notwithstanding this, the aforementioned statements do not mean that the role of the public policy exception will disappear. In order to develop this argument, this chapter explains some key concepts such as those of international and domestic public policy, a posteriori and a priori public policy, their differences and similarities. It examines how public policy evolves over time alongside society and how that evolution is reflected in statutory and conventional rules.

Friendship trust and psychological well-being from late adolescence to early adulthood: A structural equation modelling approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Miething ◽  
Ylva B. Almquist ◽  
Christofer Edling ◽  
Jens Rydgren ◽  
Mikael Rostila
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Over Time

Aims: This study explored the sex-specific associations between friendship trust and the psychological well-being of young Swedes from late adolescence to early adulthood. Methods: A random sample of native Swedes born in 1990 was surveyed at age 19 years and again at age 23 years regarding their own well-being and their relationships with a maximum of five self-named peers. The response rate was 31.3%, resulting in 782 cases to be analysed. We used sex-stratified structural equation models to explore the associations between trust and well-being. Psychological well-being was constructed as the latent variable in the measurement part. The structural part accounted for the autocorrelation of trust with respect to well-being over time and incorporated the cross-lagged effects between late adolescence and early adulthood. Results: It was found that trust increased while well-being decreased for young men and remained stable for young women from 19 to 23 years of age. The young women reported lower well-being at both time points, whereas no sex difference was found for trust. Based on model fit comparisons, a simple model without forward or reward causation was accepted for young men, whereas reversed causation from well-being to trust was suggested for young women. Subsequent analysis based on these assumptions confirmed the reversed effect for young women. Conclusions: The findings suggest that young people do not benefit from trustful social relations to the same extent as adult populations. Young women who express impaired well-being run a greater risk of being members of networks characterized by low friendship trust over time.

Measuring Variability and Change With an Item Response Model for Polytomous Variables

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Eid ◽  
Lore Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Graded Response Model ◽  
Item Response Model ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Graded Response

An extension of the graded response model of Samejima (1969) for the measurement of variability and change is presented. In this model it is assumed that an occasion-specific latent variable is decomposed into (a) a person-specific variable (a trait variable) and (b) an occasion-specific deviation variable measuring the variability caused by situational and/or interactional effects. Furthermore, it is assumed that interindividual differences in intraindividual trait change occur between a priori specified periods of time. The correlations of the latent trait variables between periods of time indicate the degree of (trait) change. It is shown how the parameters of the model can be estimated and some implications of the model can be tested with structural equation models for ordered variables. Finally, the model is illustrated by an application to the measurement of students’ interest in the topic of radioactivity. Based on the results of a longitudinal study of students over 4’years, it is shown that a model considering two periods of time—one before and one after the incident in Chernobyl—fits well. According to the accepted model, it can be concluded that 30% to 60% of the variance of interest in radioactivity on an occasion of measurement are due to situational and/or interactional effects. The autocorrelations of the latent trait variables between both periods of time (r = .72 and r = .76, respectively) indicate that there are interindividual differences in intraindividual changes on the level of the latent trait variables.

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