Determination of Maximum Optical Range of FSO Link Affected by Atmospheric Attenuation in Spatial Diversity

RESUMO: Esse trabalho trata do estudo de sensibilidade de um equipamento de termografia, em que foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros relevantes na obtenção de termogramas: (1) influência das reflexões (superfície refletante e obstáculos), (2) influência do gradiente de temperatura, (3) influência da cor (temperatura ambiente e radiação solar) e (4) influência da distância da câmera infravermelha ao objeto. Dessa maneira, de caráter experimental, foi realizada em ambiente de laboratório uma análise e interpretação da avaliação dos parâmetros relevantes na obtenção de termogramas, sendo que foi possível avaliar as potencialidades da termografia infravermelha conseguindo com os diferentes ensaios a determinação da temperatura superficial dos materiais e componentes, bem como pode ser verificado a importância do conhecimento da sensibilidade das técnicas de ensaio utilizadas em medições para a avaliação do desempenho físico de corpos de prova. Por meio dos parâmetros estudados foi possível concluir que há muitas influências, como por exemplo, a refletividade e a atenuação atmosférica, que podem produzir uma análise incorreta ou até mesmo incapacitar a visualização de algum problema patológico presente. É preciso então, além de conhecimento do assunto, ter atenção a todos os fatores externos de forma a serem detectados e eliminados, ou ainda levados em consideração na hora da execução da técnica da termografia infravermelha para que sejam minimizados.  ABSTRACT: This paper presents a sensitivity study of a thermography equipment, in which evaluated the following parameters relevant to the achievement of thermographs: (1) influence of reflections (refletante surface and obstacles), (2) influence of temperature gradient, (3) influence of color (ambient temperature and solar radiation) and (4) influence of distance from infrared camera to the object. In this way, a laboratory analysis and interpretation of the evaluation of the relevant parameters in the obtaining of thermograms was carried out in a laboratory environment, and it was possible to evaluate the potentialities of the infrared thermography, obtaining with the different tests the determination of the surface temperature of the materials and Components as well as the importance of knowledge of the sensitivity of the test techniques used in measurements for the evaluation of the physical performance of test specimens can be verified. Through the studied parameters it was possible to conclude that there are many influences, such as reflectivity and atmospheric attenuation, which can produce an incorrect analysis or even incapacitate the visualization of some present pathological problem. It is necessary, in addition to knowledge of the subject, to pay attention to all external factors in order to be detected and eliminated, or even taken into account when performing the technique of infrared thermography so that they are minimized.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Spatial Diversity of the Potential of the Natural Environment in the Context of Sustainable Development of Poviats in Poland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14196027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 6027

Author(s):

Paweł Dziekański ◽

Piotr Prus ◽

Mansoor Maitah ◽

Magdalena Wrońska

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Spatial Differentiation ◽

Spatial Diversity ◽

State Budget ◽

Financial Conditions ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Policy Optimization

The activities of the poviat are a combination of interrelated factors. The use of natural resources should be carried out in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. The aim of this research was to assess the spatial differentiation of development relationships, the natural environment, and ecology of poviats in Poland, using a synthetic measure. Empirical data were collected in the spatial terms of poviats in Poland. The choice of variables was conditioned by the availability of data of the Central Statistical Office for 2010–2019. The assessment of development of poviats indicates disproportions in terms of development variables, as well as the natural environment and ecology, and the existence of a weak impact of natural conditions for development. Poviats distinguished by a higher level of natural environment are not characterized by a higher measure of development. The reason for the low impact of non-financial conditions on the development of poviats is their dependence on transfer from the state budget and the amount of current expenditure. The results may constitute a source of information for local government authorities on the disproportions existing between units, on the determination of directions of development policy optimization in terms of the natural environment and ecology.

Download Full-text

Optical range determination of clinical proton beams in water. A comparison with standard measurement methods

Physica Medica ◽

10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.03.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 197-203

Author(s):

Jan Michael Burg ◽

Felix Horst ◽

Jörg Wulff ◽

Beate Timmermann ◽

Hilke Vorwerk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Measurement Methods ◽

Optical Range ◽

Proton Beams ◽

Standard Measurement ◽

Range Determination

Download Full-text

Holistic Approach to R&D Products’ Evaluation for Commercialization under Open Innovations

Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity ◽

10.3390/joitmc8010009 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Nataliya Chukhray ◽

Oleksandra Mrykhina ◽

Ivan Izonin

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Marketing Research ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Added Value ◽

Optical Range ◽

Crystalline Materials ◽

Market Effects ◽

The One

A holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization under open innovations is developed. The approach is tested on the example of the device of the interferometric determination of the refractive index of crystalline materials in the optical range. The proposed approach will allow setting a price that will satisfy all the parties of a transfer agreement with a higher level of accuracy and will meet market requirements. Unlike popular methods of evaluating the R&D product, a holistic approach will, on the one hand, be based on the actual costs and the break-even level of a R&D product and, on the other hand, will determine how much the consumer is receptive to a R&D product, and, then again, will show how the added value of the product will develop under the influence of market effects. It is noted that the application of a holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization should be supplemented by assessing the willingness of potential customers to purchase this R&D product at a specific price. It is proved that the proposed holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization is multifunctional. The approach can be applied to different types of economic activity, R&D products, and types of markets. The obtained prices based on the application of a holistic approach to R&D products’ evaluation for commercialization and the results of marketing research of the interferometry market testified to potential prospects of the commercialization of a R&D product of the interferometric determination of the refractive index of crystalline materials in the optical range and its long-term competitiveness. Based on the results, the key provisions of the concept of providing competitive benefits for the period of implementation of the analyzed R&D product are identified. Taking into account fundamental elements of the open innovation paradigm underpins the authors’ holistic approach.

Download Full-text

Russian/Former Soviet Union Experience in Small Telescope Usage for Investigation of Interstellar Matter (ISM) and Nebulae

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100079264 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 183 ◽

pp. 343-344

Author(s):

N.G. Bochkarev

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Former Soviet Union ◽

Standard Technique ◽

Interstellar Extinction ◽

Interstellar Matter ◽

Optical Range ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Long Time ◽

Union Experience

The deepest tradition in ISM study in the optical range was built in Russia/FSU by V.Fessenkov, the founder of Fessenkov Astrophysical (Aph) Institute (AFIF, Kazakhstan) and G.Shain (Crimean Aph.Obs. - CrAO, Ukraine). The tradition was handed over to SAI (Moscow) by I. Shklovski and S.Pikelner, to Abastumani Aph. Obs. (AAO, Georgia), where a catalogue of dark nebulae (Khavtassi, 1960) was produced, and to Byurakan Aph. Obs. (BAO, Armenia).For a long time 0.3-0.7 m telescopes were used for determination of interstellar extinction in the Galaxy by the standard technique (SAI; Engelhart Astron. Obs. of Kazan Univ., Russia; AAO; BAO and others. The most sophisticated investigations were carried out in Lithuania (e.g. Straizys, 1977; Sudzius, 1974).

Download Full-text

Measuring the efficiency of the healthcare sector in Poland – a window-DEA evaluation

International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management ◽

10.1108/ijppm-06-2020-0276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Katarzyna Miszczynska ◽

Piotr Marek Miszczyński

Keyword(s):

Healthcare System ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Spatial Diversity ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Data Envelopment Analysis Model ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Similar System ◽

Content Type

PurposeThe main aim of the study was to measure and assess the efficiency of the healthcare system in Poland.Design/methodology/approachAn output-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis model with a 2-years window analysis extension was used between 2013 and 2018. The analysis was completed with a determination of the sources of productivity changes (between the first and last year of the study period) and factors that influence efficiency.FindingsEfficient regions have been identified and the spatial diversity in their efficiency was confirmed. The study identified individual efficiency trends together with “all-windows” best and worst performers. Using panel modeling, it was confirmed that the efficiency of health protection is influenced by, among others, accreditation certificates, the length of the waiting list or the number of medical personnel.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the analysis was conducted at the voivodeship level (NUTS2), which was fully justified, it would be equally important to analyze data with a lower aggregation level. It would be extremely valuable from the perspective of difficulties faced by the healthcare system in Poland.Practical implicationsThe identification of areas and problems affecting the efficiency of the healthcare system in Poland may also be a hint for other countries with similar system solutions that also struggle with the same problems.Originality/valueThe paper explains the efficiency of the country's healthcare system while also paying attention to changes in its level, factors influencing it, spatial diversity and impact on the sector functioning.

Download Full-text

Galactic orbits of stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900105340 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

Richard Woolley

Keyword(s):

Globular Cluster ◽

Potential Field ◽

High Velocity ◽

Velocity Vector ◽

Variable Stars ◽

The Sun ◽

Proper Motions ◽

Rr Lyrae ◽

The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

Download Full-text

Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900118959 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 190 ◽

pp. 549-554

Author(s):

Nino Panagia

Keyword(s):

Angular Size ◽

Large Magellanic Cloud ◽

Magellanic Cloud ◽

Light Curves ◽

Distance Modulus ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

Download Full-text

International determination of the total motion of the pole

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900177824 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

Wm. Markowitz

Keyword(s):

Secular Motion ◽

The Future

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).

Download Full-text