scholarly journals ПАРАМЕТРИ ПРОМІРІВ ЛІНІЙНИХ ОЗНАК КОРІВ-ПЕРВІСТОК УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ БУРОЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПОРОДИ В АСПЕКТІ МЕТОДИКИ ЛІНІЙНОЇ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ТВАРИН ЗА ЕКСТЕР’ЄРНИМ ТИПОМ

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
S. L. Hmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Classification Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Research on the development of measurements of parameters of linear traits of cows-heifers Ukrainian brown dairy breed in the aspect of technique of linear classification conformation conducted at leading breeding herds of Sumy region. Summarizing the international experience and based on our own research to assess the cows for conformation type using a procedure meeting international standards, designed parameters measurements type traits cow body within the biological extremes for linear classification methodology Ukrainian animal brown dairy breed by conformation. Within the biological extremes of these characteristics are determined gradation levels with their respective assessment score within the 9-point scale. Although there are recommendations by the World Organization for the Standardization of Identification, Accounting and Evaluation of Farm Animals (ICAR), which are intended to standardize methods for assessing body structure in accordance with the rules and standards established by each international federation for the corresponding dairy cattle breeds, there are various methodological approaches for the use of different techniques in the framework of the number of linear traits and measurements of parameters, that are entered into an electronic database of assessment as indicators of a scale. Descriptive linear traits of type (linear type traits) are the basis for all modern type classification systems and the foundation in all systems for describing dairy cows. In all breeds, such criteria are taken into account that provide information on productive traits or having a limiting influence on the use of animals. The linear scale covers the expected biological limits of the population, and the number of descriptive traits and their parameters, which are measured, depends on the country, each breed in the country where the assessment is carried out, certain parameters of the ideal type of cow and breeding purposes. In determining the target parameters of the assessed traits in the linear classification system, the level of development of each specific body part of the conformation to the absolute value of the measurement against the background of the body structure of harmony and the model expression characteristic Ukrainian brown dairy breed, economic and breeding significance in correlation with milk production quantity, obtained at the appropriate level of the nine-point scale. The use of target parameters allows, through a comparison of linear measurements of traits, expressed in absolute units, to the corresponding development of conformation traits, expressed by a certain score in points, at a sufficient level of objectivity and reliability to estimate the conformation type cows first-calf Ukrainian brown dairy breed. The developed parameters of measurements of the development of linear traits within the limits of biological extremes allow expert-boniters to significantly minimize the influence of the subjective factor on the evaluation indicators as opposed to techniques that use only visual evaluation.

FEATURES OF THE EXTERIOR TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF THE CHERKASSY REGION, ESTIMATED BY THE LINEAR CLASSIFICATION METHOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychy
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

The estimation of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the exterior type in the leading breeding herds of Cherkassy region by the method of linear classification (n = 566) has been carried out. The results of the evaluated animals by the 100-score system indicate that within the group of traits, the average level of assessment is "good with the plus". The animals have been differed by the good development of group features characterizing the dairy type (82.4 score), body condition (83.5 score), limbs (82.8 score), udder (82.7 score) and overall score (82.8 score). The degree of development 18 descriptive traits of the exterior of cows, has been predicted by the method of linear classification, indicates their significant intraherd variability. Animals have the moderate height, deep body and angularity. The rump angle, the angle of hock joint and the teats length, according to the variability of scores in the range of 17.8–22.4%, have an average optimal development. The level of scores for the rear width (5.9 score), attachment of the fore (6.3 score) and the rear parts (6.0 score) of the udder testifies to their good development. The body structure of the cows-firstborn has a sufficient description of the type traits that determine their milk yield. At the present stage of selection and breeding work due to the use of bull-sires different origins and breeding value on the local population livestock with significant genotype diversity, the degree of influence each of the hereditary factors in the overall variability of linear features has a scientific and practical significance. In our studies, the force of influence conditional bloodiness of the Holstein mother's breed in the overall fraction of variability of linear type traits within the exterior complexes and the overall assessment takes a significant percentage - from 24.9 to 31.5 with a high degree of reliability according to Fischer's criterion. Among the descriptive traits, the proportion of influence the conditional bloodiness of mother, which is confirmed by high statistical confidence, ranges from 14.4 to 19.8%, and refers to the traits important for breeding. The level of coefficients of influence the father's breeding value in the total phenotypic variability for some of the linear traits is high and reliable. First of all it concerns group traits of the exterior, the development of which is determined by the pedigree value of father by 37.1–41.8%, and the overall assessment of type – by 46.6%. The coefficients of influence father's breeding value in most of the descriptive traits have high reliability (P < 0,001). The coefficients of the force of influence father, depending on the heredity of Holstein for the linear traits of almost the same level as his pedigree value. Since in this case the organized factor is purebreed Holstein and crossbreed bulls-sires of domestic selection, the positive role of Holstein heredity in improving the exterior type of cows has been traced realistically. The necessity of linear breeding, as an effective method in the system of dairy cattle breeding, has been substantiated by reliable values of the coefficients of the force of influence of father's line on the linear traits of offspring (3.4–29.5%). Despite the significant variability of coefficients of the force of influence on the linear traits, most of them have a high level of reliability within the evaluated body parts important for selection. The effect of cows belonging to the maternal line on the development of features of the body structure is insignificant and unreliable (5.3–9.2%). In the process of breeding aimed at improving cows of dairy herd by the exterior type, the pedigree value of parents has been assessed according to the method of linear classification of their daughters and their belonging to perspective genealogical formations.

scholarly journals THE LIFETIME OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON THE LINEAR TRAITS ESTIMATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychiy ◽  
V. V. Vechorka
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Studies conducted in the herd for breeding Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed (n=250). Evaluation of exterior-type heifers were conducted by the method of linear classification according to the latest recommendations of the ICAR at the age of 2-4 months after calving. Such descriptive traits, that characterize the body structure of cows – chest width, body depth, angularity, the fatness, the position and rump width had been studied. The results of studies showed reliable influence of the score level of exterior descriptive traits on the lifetime of cows. The degree of variability of relationship between these traits depended on the score level and specific point of the body structure. The effect of the chest width on the lifetime of cows has curvilinear variability. Longer lifespan have been identified in animals in 3-5 scores for the development of this trait and was 2452-2505 days. With the increase from the average value in 5 scores, the lifetime of cows decreased from 2351 (6 scores), to 2041 days (9 scores). Comparing group of animals valued in 5 score with groups in 6-9 scores revealed a reliable variance in favor of the former, which ranged from 184 (P<0,05), to 464 days (P<0,001). Studies of the effect of body depth on lifetime showed that the longest periods of longevity inherent in animals evaluated the development of trait in 6-9 scores, with the highest value of 2531 days estimated in 8 scores. Cows with excessive angularity and maximum lifespan (2455-2503 days) had higher scores (7-9). A significant decrease is observed when reducing the score for this trait starting from 6 scores (-193 days; P<0,001) to 1 score (-648 days; P<0,001) in comparison with the best result in 8 scores. The relationship between the assessment for condition of rump angle and lifespan of cows has a curvilinear nature. Animals with an optimal rating of the trait in 5 scores had a high lifetime in 2517 days, whereas with the increase and decrease of scores, the number of cows days of life decreased. The difference in life expectancy between cows valued at 5 scores with groups of animals assessed in 6-9 scores ranges from 12 to 284 days with a reliable variance only compared with 8 and 9 scores (P<0,05). Compared with groups of animals estimated by 1-4 scores, the variability of variance was 100-509 days with reliability compared with 1 and 2 scores (P<0,01). The lifetime of cows is in straight dependence on the score level for trait chest width. Cows with the highest estimate for the development of trait in 9 scores was used for 462 days longer compared to animals with 1 score (P<0,01). Among the evaluated population, the greatest number of cows (n=88) estimated in 7 scores, next (n=56) in 6. In general, the vast number of cows (n=189), or 75,6% are for the development of this trait above the average, i.e. is characterized by a rather wide rump. The highest average lifetime of animals in 5 scores for fatness is on average – 2523 days. A sufficient lifetime of cows valued 1 to 4 scores with variability 2276-2459 days inferior for animals in 5 scores on 64-247 days with a significant difference between the groups estimated in 1 and 3 scores (P<0,05). A significant reduction in lifetime observed in cows with body condition score in 7-9. They are significantly worse in comparison with groups of animals with 5 scores, for a high reliable difference 282-566 days (P<0,001). A significant effect on the development of linear type traits was installed on longevity of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed. Each of the estimated descriptive traits influence on life expectancy of cows with different variability within grading scores in accordance with desirable development. Selection of Dairy cattle for desirable development of exterior type traits by results of linear classification will enhance the duration use of cows.

Linear type trait evaluation of firstborns of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed depending on the body build

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
R. Stavetska ◽  
Y. Dynko ◽  
M. Bushtruk ◽  
I. Starostenko ◽  
O. Babenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

It has been experimentally proven that the strength and direction of the connection between the linear type traits evaluation of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed cows and their body build depends on the type of the build and the sign of the exterior. The study was conducted in 2018 on a breeding plant of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed SPC named Shchorsa in Kiev region (n=89). Differentiation of cows on types of their body build was conducted by the method proposed by Chernenko (low-capacity, mid-capacity and high-capacity types) and Kolesnik (by the massiveness index – on the friable and dense, the bone index – delicate and rough, the wide-breast and wide-rump indices – on narrow-body and wide-body types). It was found that the cow-heiferswere well-developed, had intermediate stature and optimum body condition score, deep body, and wide, slight slope rump. They alsohad desirable rear legs, set and foot angle but some toe-out, the udder was well-balanced. Under the good total score of the exterior of studied cows there were some animals with short stature (134– 136 cm), very wide rump, straight rear legs side view and toe-out, extremely steep foot angle, loose fore udder attachment, deep udder below hocks and front teat placement inside of quarter. The degree of development of the studied linear traits of cow-heifers confirms their in-herd variability. The variability of the exterior traits varies from 10,7 % (body depth) to 38,6 % (stature). In addition to the stature of a significant variability was characterized of angularity (22,4 %), rear legs set (22,5 %), body condition score (21,8 %), as well as traits that describe udder: rear udder attachment (31,4 %), udder depth (32,6 %) and front and rear teat position (31,3 % and 25,1 %, respectively). The high variability of linear traits indicates the possibility of effective their selection. As a result of the research, it has been established that the strength and direction of the correlations between the linear type traits evaluation of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed cows and the type of their body build depends on the type of the body build and the linear trait. The low-, mid- and high-capacity bodies build types (according to Chernenko) reliably correlate with chest width (r=0,58) and body depth (r=0,48), rear legs rear view (r=0,30), the central ligament (r=0,28), udder depth (r =-0,22) and teat length (r=0,25), P˂0,01–0,001. Friable and dense bodies build (according to Kolesnik) were most strongly associated with stature (r=-0,28), chest width (r =-0,70), and body depth (r=-0,38), as well as with rear legs rear view (r=-0,23), P˂0,05...0,001; delicate and rough bodies build – with stature (r=-0,51), angularity (r=-0,22),rump width (r=-0,35), udder depth (r=-0,27) and rear udder attachment (r =0,20), P ˂ 0,05–0,001; narrow-body and wide-body types – with chest width (r=0,30) and rump width (r=0,23), P˂0,05–0,01. Linear type trait evaluation of cows depends on the body build. The strength and direction of the correlations between types of body build and linear traits showed that the most informative is the classification of the body build by low-, mid- and high-capacity according to Chernenko – on the average η2x=17,5 %. The less informative – by narrow-body and wide-body types according to Kolesnik – η2x=7,6 %. The classification of cows on delicate-rough, narrow-body and wide-body types (according to Kolesnik) according to informativeness and reliability can have the intermediate position – η2x=10,0–11,5 %. The strongest influence on the body build has the cows’ height (η2x=27,9 % on average for all studied types of body build), chest width (η2x=33,5 %), body depth (η2x=21,8 %), rump width (η2x=24,1 %) and rear legs (η2x=18,7 %). Key words: cows, linear type trait evaluation, body build, correlation, power of influence.

scholarly journals Extraterritorial-constitutional features of Вlack-and-Spotted Dairy cows of different affinity and production types

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (89) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
O. M. Golub ◽  
S. G. Shalovylo ◽  
A. O. Bojko ◽  
R. S. Oseredchuk
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Dairy Breed ◽  
Meat Type

The evaluation of animals by exteriors and constitutions is an important component in an integrated selection system. Exterior of farm animals is an external manifestation of the constitution and fully characterizes their tribal, productive and adaptive capabilities. The exteriors also assess the degree of animal typical for the line, family, because the type of body structure, along with the indicators of milk productivity is the main selection criterion for the improvement of any breed. The research was carried out on a herd of cows of Ukrainian Black-and- Spotted Dairy breed in the amount of 320 heads in the LTD “Pershe Travnya” Drohobych district Lviv region. The definition of productive types was carried out in accordance with the recommendations from the evaluation of the type of body tissue of dairy cattle of Derzhagroprom of Ukraine (1991). In the result of the evaluation, two groups of animals were identified: milk and milk and meat types. At the same time, in each production type, two groups of cows were established by the method of genealogical analysis: I – up to 75% and II – over 75% of the inheritance of Holstein breed. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed are characterized by strong body structure and good muscle development. The assessment of exterior – constitutional parameters of experimental animals revealed, that from 320 cows to dairy type belong 170 heads, or 55.6%, and to a milk-meat type – 142 heads, or 44.4%. It was installed that the cows of Ukrainian Black-and-Spotted Dairy breed of various types of production, despite the same conditions of keeping, are distinguished by the following measurements: height at the withers – 132.9 – 136.2 cm, height in the back - 135.8 – 138.9 cm, height in the sacrum – 137.7 – 140.7 cm, depth of chest – 72.9 – 75.9 cm, breast width 43.4 – 45.9 cm, breast circumference – 193.3 – 196.4 cm, curvature of the body – 160.7 – 165.3 cm, spit curve length of the back – 53.6 – 55.1 cm, girth heel – 19.7 – 20.5 cm. The indicated measurements in the section of lactation in high-clover cows compared to animals with a proportion of heredity of holstein to 75% are generally higher in both types of production. This indicates that with the increase in genotypes the share of heredity and among the animals of the milk-meat type are formed externality signs with a bias in the milk type.

scholarly journals External characteristics adults cows of ukrainian black and white dairy breed

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuziv
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Dairy Breed

The results of the evaluation exterior of the animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the western region of Ukraine. Studies conducted on animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region. Exterior animals was assessed by measurement of body articles. By value measurements calculated indices of body structure cows. Weight-size factor determined by the formula D.T. Vinnychuka and P.N. Merezhko. The results of research were treated by variational statistics G.F. Lakin. Adults cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed for exterior fit the type of dairy animals. Measurements body cows are: height at the withers – 135,6–136,5 depth of chest – 75,1–77,1 width chest – 46,2–48,6, chest girth for by shoulder – 197,0–201,2, oblique body length – 161,4–163,6 width in clubs – 54,5–57,2 girth metacarpus – 19,1–19,5 cm. By oblique trunk length and girth metacarpus, and in the «Milk River» farm Sokal offices and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» also for girth at breast for by blades are dominated by target parameters for the desired type of animal. By other body measurements investigated cows do not reach target parameters for the desired type of animal. Further breeding work with this array of animals should be directed to increase the linear dimensions of the body, with particular attention paid to the width of the chest. Indices body structure cows in farms of different characteristic type of dairy animals. Surround dimensions of the animals constituted 494,9–501,4 cm weight-size factor – 1,08–1,15. In cows of all farms the ratio of live weight and measurements body was typical for relatively stretched animals.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR CONFORMATION TRAITS CHARACTERIZING THE BODY STATE, ON THE VIABILITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
S. L. Hmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Brown Cattle ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Relationship

In the aspect of the search for predictors of longevity of dairy cattle animals, the dependence of longevity of Ukrainian brown dairy cows on indicators of descriptive conformation type traits has been investigated. We studied the linear type traits of the exterior of first-calf cows in the leading farms of the Sumy region, characterizing the state of the body development. According to the results of this research was determined, a reliable dependence of the cows longevity on the level of assessment of the descriptive conformation type traits: chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle and width, and body condition score. The correlative variability of the relationship between cow’s longevity and these features was depending on the level of assessment of specific type trait of body structure of the animal. Dependence of the cows longevity on the development of chest width was different by curvilinear variability. The longer life of cows was found in animals with an estimate for the development of this type trait at 4–6 scores that averaged 2.726–2.895 days with the best 5 scores. When comparing the group of animals with an average 5 scores with the groups having 6–9 scores, a significant difference was found in favor of the first, ranging from 169 (P < 0.01) to 561 days (P < 0.001). Studies on the dependence of the longevity of brown cattle cows on the value of body depth assessment have shown that the most longevity was inherent in animals estimated by type trait development at 7–9 scores, with the highest rate in 2.856 days and estimate – 7 scores. The type trait of angularity similar to deep-chested and was also directly related to the cow's longevity. Cows with excessive angularity and the highest lifetime (2.713–2.855 days) were estimated by the higher scores (7–9) with the best evaluation results in 8 scores. A significant decrease in cows longevity was observed with a decrease in the assessment for this trait starting from 6 scores (-244 days; P < 0.05) to 1 (-701 days; P < 0.001) compared with the best result of 8 scores. The desired state of the linear trait development, the rump angle, was within the average assessment level of 5 scores, which similar to the optimal sacrum slope between the extreme points on the conditionally drawn line at the level of the top point of hip bones and the ischial hump, which was 2–4 cm. Deviations towards the assessment of the rump angle to 1 score (raised) or 9 scores (sloped) are the disadvantages of the body structure. The study of this trait has shown the curvilinear nature of the relationship between estimates for the state of rump angle and longevity of cows. Cows with an optimal 5 scores rating had the highest longevity of 2.796 days, while with increasing and decreasing estimates, the number of days of life of cows decreased. The longevity of cows of brown cattle was determined on the level of assessment for the trait of the rear width. Cows with a maximum estimate for the state of this descriptive trait in 9 scores were used for 575 days longer compared to animals rated at 1 score (P < 0.001). According to the results of research of animals by the trait of body condition, it was found that the degree of fatness was associated with the longevity of brown cattle in the opposite direction. That is, a thinner animals, which are valued lower scores, and used to live much longer. The influence of body condition score on the longevity of animals was confirmed by the highly reliable difference between the maximum (9 scores) and the minimum (1 score) estimates, which was 457 days (P < 0.001). A significant decrease of the longevity was observed in cows with an assessment of body condition in 6–9 scores. Thus, the existence of a correlative variability between estimates of descriptive traits of conformation type and the longevity of cows of Ukrainian brown breeds was determined. Each of the estimated type traits of the body structure correlates with the longevity of cows with varying variability within the classification scores in accordance with their desired development. Thus, the selection of animals for the desired development of linear traits at the age of the first lactation allows them to be used as indirect predictors to increase the duration of use of cows.

scholarly journals LIFE-SPAN COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED IS DEPENDING ON LEVEL ESTIMATION OF LINEAR TYPE TRAITS WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE CONDITION OF FEET AND LEGS

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
S. L. Khmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Estimation ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Classification Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Average Longevity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dairy Breed

Research on assessing the type of first-calf heifers of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle was conducted by the method of linear classification in a herd of breeding farm Pidlisnivska branch of private stock company "Rise-Maksymko", Sumy region. The descriptive traits of type characterizing condition of cow’s limbs: hock angle, rear legs rear view, hoof angle and locomotion were studied. According to the research results, hock angle affects greatly longevity of the studied cows in the herd. The longest duration of life had the animals estimated in 6 and 5 points by the trait of hock angle. The difference in longevity between the cows estimated in 6 points compared with the groups of animals with assessment of 1 and 9 points, was 252 and 582 days respectively. Animals with elephantine rear legs rear view was used by 330 days longer, compared with the animals of same age with sickle hocks. The results proved a positive effect of rear legs rear view on longevity of the animals. The difference between the animal groups with the highest and lowest scores was 735 days with high degree of reliability (P<0.001). The high influence the trait of hoof angle on longevity of cows was determined. Animals with the highest classification score lived 626 days longer than animals with a score of one point. However, it should be noted that hoof angle had the least impact on longevity among all traits which characterize qualitative condition of hind limbs. The cows with the assessment the trait of locomotion in 9 points lived 737 days longer compared with the animals with a score of one point. In general, assessing the average longevity of the cows of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed depending on the level of assessment for the trait of locomotion it was established the most durable cows were with a score above 5 points. Studying the relationship between linear estimation of traits which characterize condition of feet and legs at the cows of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and their longevity it was found that the cows with high scores for condition of development of these traits would have longer productive use. Therefore, degree of development of the indicators of linear estimation of limbs for their daughters should take into account selecting sires to the herd.

scholarly journals Exterior special characteristics of cows and their descendants of different generations at high-producing herds

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
E. I. Fedorovych ◽  
S. I. Fyl ◽  
P. V. Bodnar
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Structure Indices ◽  
Dairy Breed

The results of studies of the exterior characteristics of first-calf cows and their descendants of different generations are presented. The studies were conducted at high-producing herds (average yields per a cow about 10000 kg) LLC “Veleten” of the Glukhiv district of Sumy region and PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” of the Kamyansko-Dniprovskyy district of Zaporizhzhya region created out of the absorption crossing of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed females with Holstein breeders, first-calf cows and their descendants of the first, second, and at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” – also of third generations. The sample of animals includes 62.5–100% share of Holstein inheritance. There was some differentiation between the cows of the controlled herds according to the investigated body measurements: the first-calf cows of PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” were highly dominated the herdmates of LLC “Veleten” by height at the withers by 3.2, chest depth by 1.4, chest girth by the shoulder by 1.2 and oblique body length – by 1.7 cm, but were inferior to them in chest width by 0.8 (P < 0.05), width of oysters – by 0.4 and girth of wrist – by 0.3 cm (P < 0.001). The cows of both farms, by all studied exterior characteristics, outweighed their descendants of different generations, which is explained by the lower age of first calving for daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren than the cows from which they came. However, such a slight, although in most cases, probable differentiation between the exterior features of the cows and their descendants of the above generations appears to be the result of a better level of animal production of each successive generation, as indicated by their milk yields for the first lactation. However, according to all the investigated measurements (exception – width of oysters of cows of all generations and girth of wrist in the descendants of the second and third generations) animals of both controlled herds outperformed the target parameters of exterior characteristics for the first-calf cows of the desired type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The analysis of body structure indices shows that the first-calf cows under control and their descendants of different generations were characterized by the type of body structure characteristic of dairy cattle. Between the body measurements of animals and their descendants of different generations, different strengths and directions of communication are established. The correlation coefficients between the exterior characteristics of cows and their daughters in LLC “Veleten”, depending on the size, were in the range -0.05 – +0.15, in cows and their granddaughters, within -0.15 – +0.06, and the regression coefficients are within -0.05 – +0.19 and -0.15 – +0.05, respectively. In PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” the relative variability of body measurements in cows and their descendants of the first, second and third generations was -0.07 – +0.23, respectively; -0.19 – +0.14 and -0.33 – +0.26, and regression coefficients ranged from -0.04 to +0.14; from -0.17 to +0.07 and from -0.47 to +0.16. It should be noted that in both farms the correlation coefficients between the exterior features of animals of different generations were by no means probable, and the regression coefficients were only reliable between the chest depth behind the shoulders of cows and their daughters in LLC “Velyten” and between heights in the cows' hedge and their great-grandchildren at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy”.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different exterior – constitutional types in breeding of polissya beef breed

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bojko ◽  
S. Shalovylo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
The Difference

The article deals with the data on test results of efficient use of four suggested estimation methods by different authors of exterior–constitutional types of bulls on the Polissya meat breed: – visual assessment of the animal type of structure on  a 100–point scale,  according to the «Instructions for appraisal of meat breeds cattle»: – evaluation of the body structure on the model deviations by the formula of  M.M. Kolesnyk (1960), A.M. Uhnivenko (2010); – eirisomia index by the formula of M. Zamyatina (2005); – mass and metric coefficient by the formula of D. Vinnychuk et al (2005). Thanks to carried out investigations it have been established, that the most appropriate is the  use of mass and metric factor by D. Vinnychuk. However given the fact that the use of other methods, in particular by model variations of M. Kolesnyk, A. Uhnivenko, the correlation connection was high, and the difference is statistically significant, in our opinion can be used in scientific research, both methods of evaluating structure of  the animals body structure.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE COWS OF THE UKRAINIAN BLACK- AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED UNDER THE ABSORPTIVE CROSSOVER

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
A. R. Pendyuk ◽  
V. V. Fedorovych ◽  
N. P. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Body Constitution ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
The World ◽  
Dairy Breed

During the last decade the world Gene pool of the best cattle breeds is intensively used in Ukraine with the aim to improve productive qualities of animals. In particular, the improvement of dairy cattle includes intensive usage of gene pool of Holstein breed, as its level of milk productivity is the best in the world. The creation of new genotype caused permanent control on the exterior peculiarities of animals and the nature of their connection with productive features. On this basis the aim of our researches was to learn formation of the exterior of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed under the absorptive crossover. The researches were conducted at agricultural LCC “Lyshche” of Lutsk region of Volyn oblast on heifers (n = 1164) and full-grown cows (n = 596) of different genotype of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. There were formed 5 groups of animals: I – cows with Holstein share heredity of 75% and lower, II – with Holstein share heredity 75.1–81.25%, III – with Holstein share heredity 81.26–87.50%, IV – with Holstein share heredity 87.51–93.75% and V – with Holstein share heredity over 93.75%. The assessment of exterior was conducted on the measurements of body parts of heifers and full-grown cows on the retrospective analysis. The following measurements were taking into account: height at the withers, breast depth, breast width, chest area behind the shoulder blades, hips width, oblique corpus length and girth of the metacarpus which were used to measure indices of body constitution. It is well-known that the exterior of heifers is the criteria of selection of cows into a herd and the assessment if bulls by the type of daughter’s body constitution. It is established that the heifers and cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed under control were quite high (height at the withers – 132.3 and 138.9 cm) with well-developed thorax (breast depth – 72.2 and 81.6, breast width – 46.4 and 54.2, chest area behind the shoulder blades – 191.0 and 201.9 cm). The average length of their corpus was 156.2 and 163.7, hips width – 51.7 and 58.8 and girth of the metacarpus – 18.1 and 19.1 cm. The connection between the exterior forms of body constitution and the indices of productivity of animal is especially opening with the use of index estimation of exterior. The usage of body constitution indices gives the opportunity objectively identify development of some parts, their changeability with age, productive and type differences, identify their connection with direction and the level of animals’ productivity in some household environment. The analysis of body constitution indices shows that heifers and full grown cows by the exterior peculiarities belongs to dairy type, were quite harmonious by the body constitution. The identifying of measurements of body parts of animals allows to compare their both individual and group peculiarities and to select the best dairy cows. That is why there is the necessity to learn changes of exterior and milk productivity of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed of different genotype. With the increase of Holstein heredity share in the genotype of animals of Ukrainian Black-and-White increased the investigated body measurements (except – breast width and girth metacarpus). The heifers had significant (P < 0.05–0.001) decrease in boniness indices, extension, thoracic, hips and chest, chest width and increase of indices of blockiness, sex and conventional corpus girth after the saturation of their Holstein genotype (I). There is a similar tendency of change of body structure indices was also observed in cows, but these changes were mainly unreliable. The strength of impact of genotype on the measurements and indices of body structure of both heifers and grown cows was negligible. The heifers’ conditional share of Holstein heredity had the most significant impact on measurements at withers (6.0%) and breast depth (3.6%), and cows – on measurements of oblique corpus length (5.8%), breast girth behind shoulder blades (4.9%) and height at the withers (4.2%) at 0.001 in all cases. The genotype had the most significant influence on bone indices (5.8%), sex (4.0%), breast (3.8%) and hips and breast (3.6%) in heifers’ case, and in full-grown cows’ case – on indexes of conditional volume (II) (5.6%), bones (4.3%) and conditional corpus (I) (3.2%).

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