scholarly journals Is Metformin a Drug or a Buffer and why is this Significant? Further Evidence that the Brain Regulates the Autonomic Nervous System, in Particular Prevailing Levels of Intercellular pH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Brain

Vital staining of cells of the brain vegetative centers

1926 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 730-731
Author(s):  
G. P.
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dark Blue

V. Rakhmanov (Zhurn. Neurop. And Psych., 1925, No. 3-4) proposes to inject them with 1% Trypanblau solution in the amount of 1 cubic meter to study the vegetative centers in mice. with. weekly for 6-8 weeks. The brain is fixed in 10% formalin, frozen sections are stained with alum carmine or cochineal. In this case, dark blue dust-like grains appear in the plasma and nuclei of cells - selectively for the cells of the autonomic nervous system.

Control of noradrenergic differentiation and Phox2a expression by MASH1 in the central and peripheral nervous system

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Hirsch ◽  
M.C. Tiveron ◽  
F. Guillemot ◽  
J.F. Brunet ◽  
C. Goridis
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Circuits ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase ◽  
Targeted Mutation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Noradrenergic Differentiation

Mash1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex, is transiently expressed throughout the developing peripheral autonomic nervous system and in subsets of cells in the neural tube. In the mouse, targeted mutation of Mash1 has revealed a role in the development of parts of the autonomic nervous system and of olfactory neurons, but no discernible phenotype in the brain has been reported. Here, we show that the adrenergic and noradrenergic centres of the brain are missing in Mash1 mutant embryos, whereas most other brainstem nuclei are preserved. Indeed, the present data together with the previous results show that, except in cranial sensory ganglia, Mash1 function is essential for the development of all central and peripheral neurons that express noradrenergic traits transiently or permanently. In particular, we show that, in the absence of MASH1, these neurons fail to initiate expression of the noradrenaline biosynthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. We had previously shown that all these neurons normally express the homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, a positive regulator of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene and that a subset of them depend on it for their survival. We now report that expression of Phox2a is abolished or massively altered in the Mash1−/− mutants, both in the noradrenergic centres of the brain and in peripheral autonomic ganglia. These results suggest that MASH1 controls noradrenergic differentiation at least in part by controlling expression of Phox2a and point to fundamental homologies in the genetic circuits that determine the noradrenergic phenotype in the central and peripheral nervous system.

scholarly journals The autonomic nervous system regulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation in adult male rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. E234-E243
Author(s):  
Valentine S. Moullé ◽  
Caroline Tremblay ◽  
Anne-Laure Castell ◽  
Kevin Vivot ◽  
Mélanie Ethier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Brain

The pancreatic β-cell responds to changes in the nutrient environment to maintain glucose homeostasis by adapting its function and mass. Nutrients can act directly on the β-cell and also indirectly through the brain via autonomic nerves innervating islets. Despite the importance of the brain-islet axis in insulin secretion, relatively little is known regarding its involvement in β-cell proliferation. We previously demonstrated that prolonged infusions of nutrients in rats provoke a dramatic increase in β-cell proliferation in part because of the direct action of nutrients. Here, we addressed the contribution of the autonomic nervous system. In isolated islets, muscarinic stimulation increased, whereas adrenergic stimulation decreased, glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Blocking α-adrenergic receptors reversed the effect of epinephrine on glucose + nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)-induced β-cell proliferation, whereas activation of β-adrenergic receptors was without effect. Infusion of glucose + NEFA toward the brain stimulated β-cell proliferation, and this effect was abrogated following celiac vagotomy. The increase in β-cell proliferation following peripheral infusions of glucose + NEFA was not inhibited by vagotomy or atropine treatment but was blocked by coinfusion of epinephrine. We conclude that β-cell proliferation is stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic signals. Whereas glucose + NEFA in the brain stimulates β-cell proliferation through the vagus nerve, β-cell proliferation in response to systemic nutrient excess does not involve parasympathetic signals but may be associated with decreased sympathetic tone.

scholarly journals Relations between blood supply of brain of students and condition of autonomic nervous system and risk factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Korovina ◽  
T. M. Zaporozhets
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
System State ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Blood Filling ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of our research was to estimate the brain blood supply level by rheoencephalography method in junior students of the Medical academy and to determine the blood supply links with the autonomic regulation state, behavioural and alimentary factors. Rheo-encephalographic study, research of the autonomic nervous system state, heart rate regulation and questioning of 17–29 year-old students have been conducted. Basic hemodynamic indices were normal in all surveyed students. Increase in body weight index enhanced the probability of the brain blood supply deterioration. Adaptation mechanisms tension was accompanied by reduction of the rheographic index. Higher blood filling of the brain vessels corersponded to higher ratio “blood minute volume / due blood minute volume” defined taking into account the system arterial pressure. The quantity of links with indicators of the autonomic nervous system state was limited. Nonlinear dependence of the rheographic index on the Kerdo vegetative index was observed: the rheographic index value was the lowest in students with the autonomic balance by the Kerdo vegetative index; it was the highest in the group with the sympathetic prevalence. Risk factor of blood filling decrease was the reduction in the diet variety when foodstuffs of different groups were included into the diet less than twice a week, or they were excluded from the diet completely. Positive correlation of blood supply was observed more often with frequent consumption of fish, vegetables, and fresh fruits. Increase in the regular alcohol intake experience promoted decrease in brain blood supply and increase in asymmetries of blood supply indicators. The effect of alcohol was essential, despite young age of surveyed students and low level of alcohol consumption. Increase in the experience and intensity of smoking was accompanied by deterioration of brain blood supply indicators. Students with the best blood supply had the better academic progress. Observed multiple correlations of blood supply indicators with behavioural factors allowed to assert that reduction of risk factors (control of body weight, variety and full value of a diet, refusal of smoking, alcohol restriction even below doses which are considered safe) would allow to improve the brain blood supply.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-217
Author(s):  
A.P. Stepanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Nuclei

The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The central part is represented by supra-segmental and segmental centres. Parasympathetic segmental centres in the brain are accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerves, superior salivary nucleus of the facial nerve, inferior salivary nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve and dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. In the spinal cord, these are the intermediate lateral nuclei. Sympathetic segmental centres in the brain are absent, and in the spinal cord, intermediate-lateral nuclei are located in the lateral horns in the eighth cervical, all thoracic and 1-2 lumbar spinal segments. The peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system is represented by pre-nodal and post-nodal branches, paravertebral, prevertebral and terminal nodes and plexuses. The intramural part of the autonomic nervous system lies in the larger part of a wide and narrow-loop net and represented with a large number of nerve cells different by their shapes and sizes and clustered as intramural nodes, or individual nerve cells included along the net loops. The autonomic plexuses of the abdominal cavity are topographically divided into celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric, abdominal aortic, mesenteric, superior and inferior hypogastric region.

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