scholarly journals FUNCTIONING OF ATTRACTIVE NONS IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
H. I. Abdulzhalilova ◽  
E. A. Imanmagomedova
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Separate Category ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Genitive Case

Pronouns in the grammatical structure of the Avar language represent one of the most peculiar lexical and grammatical categories both in terms of semantics and in terms of structure. Possessive pronouns are usually not distinguished as an independent lexically separate category in the Avar language. In the function of possessive pronouns, the forms of the genitive case of pronouns of the corresponding categories are used here.

Sinclair, pattern grammar and the question of hatred

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Teubert
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Dependency Grammar ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Local Grammar

The view of pattern grammar is that syntactic structures and lexical items are co-selected and that grammatical categories begin to align very closely with semantic distinctions. While this is certainly a valid position when analysing the phenomenon of collocation, it does not really solve the problem for open choice issues. Not all language use can be subsumed under the idiom principle. The noun hatred, for instance, can co-occur with any discourse object for which hatred can be expressed. It can also co-occur with other lexical items standing for various circumstantial aspects. The grammatical structure itself often does not tell us whether we find expressed the object of hatred or some circumstantial aspect, as these structures tend to have more than one reading. Lexicogrammar, or local grammar, is more than equating a syntactic structure with a semantic pattern. We have to be aware of the different functions or readings a given grammatical structure can have. The framework of valency/dependency grammar can help us to make the necessary distinctions.

scholarly journals Središnje i periferno u gramatici hrvatskoga jezika

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Ivo Pranjković ◽  
Lada Badurina
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hybrid Forms

In this paper we focus on what is central and what is peripheral in the grammatical structure of the Croatian language, in particular on the grammatical categories of number, aspect and word classes. With respect to the category of number, the relationship between singular and plural is central, while the periphery consists of other ways of expressing quantity relations (number as a word class, collectiveness, substantivity). With respect to the category of aspect, the opposition imperfective – perfective is central, while the periphery consists of Aktionsart. With respect to word classes, the basic word classes are central, while the periphery consists of hybrid forms and/or hybrid word classes (e.g. participles, infinitive, gerunds, pronominal adjectives and pronominal adverbs, etc.). Finally, we will discuss the central and the peripheral in phonology and semantics (as peripheral areas in relation to grammar).

scholarly journals Shifters, Grammatical Categories and Distinctive Features

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
General Session ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Grammatical Categories

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Structure (1997)

A Test Using Elicited Imitations in Assessing Grammatical Structure in Children

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Carrow
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Elicited Imitation ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Specific Analysis

Elicited imitation was used to obtain performance data on the grammatical system of 475 children, ages 3-0 to 7–11. The procedure attempts to provide an instrument which is valid and reliable while at the same time easy to administer and score without extensive training or knowledge of linguistics. Grammatical categories included are articles, adjectives, nouns, pronouns, demonstratives, conjunctions, verbs, negatives, contractions, prepositions, and adverbs. Results demonstrate reliability and validity as well as test usefulness in specific analysis of grammatical constructions.

scholarly journals The Category of Case in English and Albanian Nominal System: A Contrastive Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Agnesa Çanta
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Nominal System ◽  
System A ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Marked Case ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Genitive Case ◽  
The Way

The grammatical category of case, as one of the most discussed grammatical categories in English and one of the most specific categories in Albanian, has always attracted the researchers’ attention and, therefore, there are numerous studies about this category in these two respective languages. However, the main purpose of this article is to indicate that despite their different morphological structure which implies differences in their grammatical categories, English and Albanian, also show some similarities that concern the grammatical category of case and especially the genitive case as the only marked case in English nominal system. This article examined the grammatical category of case in English and Albanian nominal system through the contrastive method, emphasizing the differences that regard several aspects of the category of case, such as the number of cases in these two languages, the way they build their case forms, the use of prepositions in building the case forms, i.e., prepositions as case markers, and also several characteristics of the category of case that these two languages have in common. The results indicate that the similarities concern mainly the genitive case. Nouns in the genitive case, in English and Albanian, share some characteristics that concern their semantic functions, their use in “the double genitive” constructions, rules of forming such constructions, and the omission of the case markers without affecting meaning.

scholarly journals The functioning of a noun in German language (case category)

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Natalia B. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Auxiliary Function ◽  
German Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Case System ◽  
The One ◽  
Genitive Case

The purpose of the research is to study the variety of functions performed by a noun in the modern German language. We consider the noun grammatical categories, determine the place of the case grammatical category among the noun grammatical categories on the material of mod-ern German language. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, when studying the case category, the genitive case is singled out from the case system, on the one hand, as disappearing, on the oth-er, as a marker of the syntactic functions of a noun. We define the role of the article, to which many foreign and domestic linguists attribute an auxiliary function along with a noun, calling it the accompanying noun. As a result of the study, we identify the features of a noun functioning in German language, determine the cases functions, and indicate the reasons for the displacement of the genitive case from the case system of the German language and the defining role of the article in the formation of a sentence meaning.

Проблемы значимости морфологических процессов в русском и арабском языках

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Т. Нестеренко
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Lexical Composition

Аннотация: Сопоставление грамматических категорий русского и арабского языков, выявление сходства и различий грамматического строя данных языков. Анализ именных грамматических категорий: числа, рода, одушевленности, степень их соответствия новому мировоззрению. В данном исследовании мы попытаемся рассмотреть проблемы развития двух языков через формирование их грамматического строя и выберем для сопоставления русский и арабский языки. Сопоставление данных двух языков вызывает огромный интерес еще и потому, что они принадлежат к разным языковым семьям: русский относится к индоевропейским языкам, а арабский – к семье афразийских языков, которые мы помним под устаревшим названием – группа семито-хамитских языков. Известно, что очень мало можно обнаружить сходства в грамматическом и лексическом составе, у языков, состоящих в разных языковых семьях. Анализ нынешнего состояния сопоставляемых языков, описанных в официальной науке, доказывает данную закономерность, в лексической и грамматической традициях. В нашем исследовании проанализируем состояния выбранных нами грамматических категорий современного русского и литературного арабского языков в современной мире и в процессе их зарождения. Ключевые слова: арабский язык, русский язык, грамматическая категория, части речи, род, число, одушевленность, анализ, сходство и различия. Аннотация: Бул макалада биз тилдердин өнүгүүсүнүн маселесине, алардын грамматикалык категориясынын өнүгүүсүнө көңүл бурганга аракет кылабыз. Изилдөөгө эки тилди тандайбыз: орус тилдин жана араб тилдин. Бул эки тилдин салыштыруусу абдан кызык нерсе болуп эсептелет, анткени алар эки башка макро-тайпага киришет: орус тили индоевропалык тил тайпасына, ал эми араб тили Азия-Африка тилдеринин семит тобуна кирет. Эки тилдин айырмалоочу белгилери көп болсо, алардын лексикалык курамынын жана грамматикалык түзүлүшүнүн окшоштугу аз болот. Азыркы замандагы эки тилдин абалынын анализи бул сөздөрдү тууралыгын аныктайт. Бул макалада биз эки тилди грамматикалык категорияларынын абалын талдоо жүргүзөбүз. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Араб тили, орус тили, грамматикалык категория, сөз түркүмдөрдүн бөлүнүшү, сан, талдоо, окшоштугу, айырмалыгы, жөндөмөлөр-падеж. Annotation: In this article we will try to look at the problems of language develop- ment through the development of their grammatical categories and choose two languages for research: Russian and Arabic. The comparison of these two languages is also of some interest because they belong to different macro-families: Russian belongs to the Indo-European languages, and Arabic – to the Afrasian languages, which until recently were called the group of Semitic languages. It is known that the further the two languages are separated from each other by the known classification, the less we will find similarities between them in the lexical composition and grammatical structure. Analysis of the current state of these two languages, available in official science, confirms this pattern, both at the level of vocabulary and at the level of gram- matical tradition. In this article we will analyze the state of some grammatical categories of these two languages not only at this stage, but also in the process of their development. Key words: Arabic language, Russian language, grammatical category, grammati- cal parts of speech, category of gender, category of number, animacy, review, similarities and differences.

The Table of Grammar: Lqr't as Test Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Function Word ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Evolutionary Growth ◽  
Content Item

Biblical Hebrew lqr't is situated at the intersection of grammatical categories as a content item and a function word. The analysis of any given token is confounded by this diversity and its variously encoded denotations: the infinitive construct “to meet” and the polysemous prepositions, the directional TOWARD and the adversative AGAINST. The usage in Exodus 14:27 (wmsrym nsym lqr'tw) prompts a number of different analyses. Interpretations include: hoi de aigyptioi ephygon hypo to hydor (LXX); wmsry' -'rqyn lqwblh (Peshitta); fugientibusque Ægyptiis occurrerunt aquæ (Vulgate); “the Egyptians fled at its approach” (NJPS); “the Egyptians fled before it” (NRSV); and “the Egyptians were fleeing toward it” (NIV). This study examines lqr't by comparing a range of grammatical methods. These approaches centre evolutionary growth (philology), syntagmatic and paradigmatic features (structuralism), functional usage (eclectic linguistics), and cross-linguistic development (grammaticalisation) in order to explore questions of the origin, development, and usage of lqr't. The combined approaches help to situate and construct an archaeology of linguistic knowledge and a genealogy of philological change of language and text.

PRINCIPAL PROBLEMS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
O. Hyryn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Ambiguity ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The Way

The article deals with natural language processing, namely that of an English sentence. The article describes the problems, which might arise during the process and which are connected with graphic, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity. The article provides the description of how the problems had been solved before the automatic syntactic analysis was applied and the way, such analysis methods could be helpful in developing new analysis algorithms. The analysis focuses on the issues, blocking the basis for the natural language processing — parsing — the process of sentence analysis according to their structure, content and meaning, which aims to analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence, the division of sentences into constituent components and defining links between them.

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