scholarly journals Baitul Rahmah: a Final Evolution of The Malay Classical Style Amidst Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-98
Author(s):  
Noorhanita Abdul Majid ◽  
Puteri Shireen Jahn Kassim ◽  
Tengku Anis Qarihah Binti Raja Abdul Kadir ◽  
Abdul Razak Bin Sapian ◽  
Abu Dzar Bin Samsudin
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Timber Structure ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Classical Style ◽  
Typological Variation ◽  
Final Evolution

The paper highlights the significance and position of the Baitul Rahmah, an early 20th-century mansion in Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia, as a key milestone of stylistic  evolvement of local vernacular architecture. Its form embodies, a typological variation  at a time of growing Colonial imperialism, while its grammar and language refers to early modern  stylistic expression reflecting the fundamental principles of indigenous architecture. The Baitul Rahmah brings to light how a final evolution and epitome of  the vernacular projects an identity as a cosmopolitan manifestation.  Its internal ornamentation recalls the stylized forms of local motifs and reflect a form of control and minimalism; i.e. an ‘ornamental decorum’. Its wood-carved expressions seem stylised into increasing ‘modernised’ simplication and  modularity, while  its masonry- timber structure reflect the identity of hybridity  in architecture which symbolise the tensions of local communities as they step into the 1900s into a global context.  

scholarly journals “One Kind of Water Brings Another.” Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
María M. Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Ibn Arabi ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mystical Literature ◽  
Teresa De Jesus ◽  
Vital Element

Mystical literature and spirituality from 16th-century Spain engage religious images from the three most prominent religions of al-Andalus—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism: among others, the dark night, the seven concentric castles, the gazelle, the bird, the sefirot‘s encircled iggulim or towering yosher, the sacred fountain, ruins, and gardens. Until the 20th-century, however, scholarship read these works mostly as “Spanish” mysticism, alienated from its Andalusī roots. This comparative study deploys theological, historical, and textual analysis to dwell in one of these roots: the figure of the garden’s vital element, water, as represented in the works of Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi. The well-irrigated life written by these mystics underscores the significance of this element as a path to life, knowledge, and love of and by God. Bringing together scholarship on Christian and Sufi mysticism, and underscoring the centrality of movement, flow, and circulation, this article pieces together otherwise disparate readings of both the individual work of these two figures and their belonging in a canon of Andalusī/Spanish mysticism. The weaving of these threads will offer readers a different understanding of early modern religion, alongside traditional readings of Spain’s mystical literature and its place in the global context.

War and Recovery

2020 ◽  
pp. 705-730
Author(s):  
Stephennie Mulder
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Local Models ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction

This chapter examines history and scholarship on the theme of war and recovery in Islamic lands from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century. It argues that the dominant universalist model of archaeological heritage preservation, wherein heritage is envisioned as a property-based model belonging “to all humankind,” has in fact been an important motivation for the destruction of heritage in wartime and in the alienation of local communities from their heritage following reconstruction. Archaeologists, as researchers on the past who can assist in shaping the narratives of the present, should instead work to understand local models of heritage and support communities traumatized by war to rebuild in ways that serve local needs first. Often, postwar reconstruction has only multiplied the trauma of people in the aftermath of conflict. However, if sites damaged by war are rebuilt in an inclusive manner, reconstruction has the potential to be a genuinely healing act of resistance to the violence perpetrated during wartime.

Preserving Patchogue: A Small Institution Rehouses and Digitizes Glass Plate Negatives

Collections ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Menzo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Graduate Student ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Student Intern ◽  
Ongoing Project

In 2015, the Greater Patchogue Historical Society in Long Island, New York, received a gift of nearly 2,000 glass plate negatives dating from the early 20th century. While the donor alluded to rare images of this small town and its people, the collection presented a series of preservation concerns. Many of the objects were soiled, and almost all were still in their original acidic paper sleeves. Determined to both protect and utilize the collection, this small institution, with the assistance of a graduate student intern, formalized a preservation plan that also created multiple points of access to the visual and historical information that these objects contained. After minimally cleaning, rehousing, and photographing a selected portion of the negatives, the digital files were later processed with editing software so that the organization's members and local citizens could see the historic images. In addition to digitizing the negatives, the original sleeves were imaged to preserve valuable information, such as people's names, the location of views, or a negative's date. This ongoing project is an example of how smaller institutions can make a meaningful influence in their local communities by preserving photographic objects and implementing methods of digitization.

scholarly journals The Community House (Dom Ludowy) in Nałęczów as an example of social architecture of the early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Kamila Lucyna Boguszewska
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
National Style

One of the most interesting facilities which were supposed to improve the quality of education of the poorest social strata were community houses. The popularity of this kind of institutions, dating back to the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, resulted in the construction of the Community House in Nałęczów, which, based on best practices, was to be a model of the realisation of a new, progressive society. The article presents the principles and "rules" for establishing such facilities by local communities in the context of activities undertaken in the difficult social and political situation of the areas under Russian rule. The history, operating principles, and architecture of the Community House in Nałęczów, which is an example of an out-of-the-box facility maintained in the national style, were herein analysed.

The Presence of Religious Metacultures in Near-Death Discourse (1580–1975)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Schlieter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Life Review ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Over Time

The conclusion of the discursive history outlines that in contrast to studies that argue for a broad decline of Christian narratives of deathbed experiences in the early modern centuries, there is ample evidence of a continuous stream of Christian reports. These reports are, from the 18th century onward, seconded by a broad current of Spiritualist–Occult and Gnostic–Esoteric reports. Transmitters of these reports were mostly religiously interested individuals—preeminently spokespersons of non-mainstream churches and denominations such as Pietists, Theosophists, Occultists, and Spiritualists, joined, in the early 20th century, by parapsychologists. Most common are descriptions of a paradisiacal realm, tranquility, quietness, and feelings of peace or mental clarity. Handed down in religious contexts were descriptions of a border, God, or angels. However, other elements such as the life review (absent in premodern narratives), autoscopic out-of-body experiences, or the “tunnel” clearly developed over time and assumed new meanings.

scholarly journals The Concept of a ‘Peasant War’ in Soviet and Western Historiography of the ‘Troubles’ in Early 17th-Century and Early 20th-Century Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Maureen Perrie
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
General Character ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Time Of Troubles

The concept of ‘peasant wars’ in 17th- and 18th-century Russia was borrowed by Soviet historians from Friedrich Engels’ work on the Peasant War in Germany. The four peasant wars of the early modern period were identified as the uprisings led by Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), Sten’ka Razin (1667-1671), Kondratiy Bulavin (1707-1708) and Emel’ian Pugachev (1773-1775). Following a debate in the journal Voprosy istorii in 1958-1961, the ‘first peasant war’ was generally considered to encompass the period c.1603-1614 rather than simply 1606- 1607. This approach recognised the continuities in the events of the early 17th century, and it meant that the chronological span of the ‘first peasant war’ was virtually identical to that of the older concept of the ‘Time of Troubles’. By the 1970s the term, ‘civil wars of the feudal period’ (based on a quotation from Lenin) was sometimes used to define ‘peasant wars’. It was recognised by Soviet historians that these civil wars were very complex in their social composition, and that the insurgents did not exclusively (or even primarily) comprise peasants, with Cossacks playing a particularly significant role. Nevertheless the general character of the uprisings was seen as ‘anti-feudal’. From the 1980s, however, R.G. Skrynnikov and A.L. Stanislavskiy discarded the view that the events of the ‘Time of Troubles’ constituted an anti-feudal peasant war. They preferred the term ‘civil war’, and stressed vertical rather than horizontal divisions between the two armed camps. Western historians, with the notable exception of the American historian Paul Avrich, generally rejected the application of the term ‘peasant wars’ to the Russian uprisings of the early modern period, regarding them as primarily Cossack-led revolts. From the 1960s, however, Western scholars such as Teodor Shanin (following the American anthropologist Eric Wolf) began to use the term ‘peasant wars’ in relation to the role played by peasants in 20th-century revolutionary events such as those in Russia and China. Some of these Western historians, including Avrich and Wolf, used the term not only for peasant actions in the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, but also for peasant rebellions against the new Bolshevik regime (such as the Makhnovshchina and the Antonovshchina) that Soviet scholars considered to be counter-revolutionary banditry. The author argues that, in relation to the ‘Time of Troubles’ in early 20th-century Russia, the term ‘peasant war’ is not entirely suitable to describe peasant actions against the agrarian relations of the old regime in 1905 and 1917, since these were generally orderly and non-violent. The term is more appropriate for the anti-Bolshevik uprisings of armed peasant bands in 1918-1921, as suggested by the British historian Orlando Figes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document