THE MODERN MORPHODYNAMICS IN THE QUARRIES OF LVIV AND ITS SUBURBS

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-115
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Sandy Material ◽  
Gravitational Processes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The seven big quarries have been explored in and around Lviv. All quarries are sandy and most of them are inactive now. There are 3 quarries located directly in the city: two – within the Znesinnia Regional Landscape Park (western and eastern) and Kryvchytskyi. The four quarries are located in the southeastern outskirt of Lviv within the Davydivskyi Chain near the villages of Davydiv (3 quarries) and Vynnychky. The processes of water erosion (sheet, rill and gully erosion), suffosion, falls, scree formation processes, slides, physical and chemical weathering are widespread in the explored quarries. The specific azonal processes such as aeolian processes (deflation and accumulation of sandy material) and formation of takyrs are also common. The most common are water erosion processes (sheet, rill and gully erosion). They are present in almost all quarries (except of Western Znesinskyi and Kryvchytskyi Quarries). These processes occur in the lower parts of quarry benches and on the slopes of dumps. They are represented by small and medium-sized erosive pre-rills and rills (width 5–30 cm, depth up to 45 cm), small gullies (depth up to 2.2 m), debris cones, deluvial cones. The sheet, rill and gully erosions mainly occur together. The suffosion processes develop in the sandy-loam deposits with low density (the Davydivskyi Quarry № 2, the Vynnychkivskyi Quarry). The result of these processes is the formation of suffosion sinkholes (35–60 cm in diameter) and suffosion “wells”. The processes of rockfalls are locally widespread on steep denudation benches of quarries, where beds of limestone or sandstone are cropped out (the Davydivskyi Quarry № 1, № 3). The scree formation processes are also common in gravitational processes and mainly occur in sandy deposits and are represented by scree cones. Slides occur rarely having small main bodies and are located on the quarry walls and dump slopes. A special type of processes in the studied quarries is the formation of takyrs, which occurs in closed watered areas of the pit floors. After the takyrs dry up, the so-called "desert papyrus" is created. Key words: modern morphodynamics, quarry, water erosion processes, falls, scree formation processes, Lviv.

scholarly journals Degradation Characteristics of Soil-Quality-Related Physical and Chemical Properties Affected by Collapsing Gully: The Case of Subtropical Hilly Region, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyue Feng ◽  
Hui Wen ◽  
Shimin Ni ◽  
Junguang Wang ◽  
Chongfa Cai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Collapsing Gully ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In the subtropical hilly areas of China, a collapsing gully, a particular type of permanent gully, poses a great threat to the productivity and sustainability of the local ecological and agricultural systems. However, few studies have been performed regarding the effects of collapsing gully erosion on soil degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of collapsing gully erosion on soil-quality-related physical and chemical properties. The collapsing gullies that were severely affected by erosion processes were considered at three stages (initial, active and stable stages) and corresponding soil samples were collected to analyze the spatial variation of the soil physical and chemical quality at each stage. The changes in the properties were assumed to be considerable in the regions affected by the erosion process compared with those unaffected by this process. Soil physical properties were more susceptible than soil nutrients to collapsing gully erosion in different spatial locations. The soil quality index (SQI) system consists of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), pH, capillary porosity (CP), sand content (SA), soil cohesion (SC) and root density (RD). Collapsing gully erosion was found to affect the soil physical and chemical properties by progressively reducing the SQI. The mean SQI value was the lowest in the active stage of the collapsing gully, with a higher soil degradation. For the different spatial positions in the collapsing gullies, the scour channel showed the lowest SQI value. The limiting indicators varied in the different stages or spatial sites in the collapsing gullies.

THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WEATHERING ON IRON SLAG FROM STANDISH, NY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Leonard ◽  
◽  
Rachel M. Kelk ◽  
Dori J. Farthing
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Iron Slag ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Straw mulch impact on soil properties and initial soil erosion processes in the maize field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Dugan ◽  
Leon Josip Telak ◽  
Iva Hrelja ◽  
Ivica Kisić ◽  
Igor Bogunović
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Initial Soil

<p><strong>Straw mulch impact on soil properties and initial soil erosion processes in the maize field</strong></p><p>Ivan Dugan*, Leon Josip Telak, Iva Hrelja, Ivica Kisic, Igor Bogunovic</p><p>University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of General Agronomy, Zagreb, Croatia</p><p>(*correspondence to Ivan Dugan: [email protected])</p><p>Soil erosion by water is the most important cause of land degradation. Previous studies reveal high soil loss in conventionally managed croplands, with recorded soil losses high as 30 t ha<sup>-1</sup> under wide row cover crop like maize (Kisic et al., 2017; Bogunovic et al., 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to test environmentally-friendly soil conservation practices to mitigate soil erosion. This research aims to define the impacts of mulch and bare soil on soil water erosion in the maize (Zea mays L.) field in Blagorodovac, Croatia (45°33’N; 17°01’E; 132 m a.s.l.). For this research, two treatments on conventionally tilled silty clay loam Stagnosols were established, one was straw mulch (2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), while other was bare soil. For purpose of research, ten rainfall simulations and ten sampling points were conducted per each treatment. Simulations were carried out with a rainfall simulator, simulating a rainfall at an intensity of 58 mm h<sup>-1</sup>, for 30 min, over 0.785 m<sup>2</sup> plots, to determine runoff and sediment loss. Soil core samples and undisturbed samples were taken in the close vicinity of each plot. The results showed that straw mulch mitigated water runoff (by 192%), sediment loss (by 288%), and sediment concentration (by 560%) in addition to bare treatment. The bare treatment showed a 55% lower infiltration rate. Ponding time was higher (p < 0.05) on mulched plots (102 sec), compared to bare (35 sec), despite the fact that bulk density, water-stable aggregates, water holding capacity, and mean weight diameter did not show any difference (p > 0.05) between treatments. The study results indicate that straw mulch mitigates soil water erosion, because it immediately reduces runoff, and enhances infiltration. On the other side, soil water erosion on bare soil under simulated rainstorms could be high as 5.07 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, when extrapolated, reached as high as 5.07 t ha<sup>-1 </sup>in this study. The conventional tillage, without residue cover, was proven as unsustainable agro-technical practice in the study area.</p><p><strong>Key words: straw mulch, </strong>rainfall simulation, soil water erosion</p><p><strong>Acknowledgment</strong></p><p>This work was supported by Croatian Science Foundation through the project "Soil erosion and degradation in Croatia" (UIP-2017-05-7834) (SEDCRO).</p><p><strong>Literature</strong></p><p>Bogunovic, I., Pereira, P., Kisic, I., Sajko, K., Sraka, M. (2018). Tillage management impacts on soil compaction, erosion and crop yield in Stagnosols (Croatia). Catena, 160, 376-384.</p><p>Kisic, I., Bogunovic, I., Birkás, M., Jurisic, A., Spalevic, V. (2017). The role of tillage and crops on a soil loss of an arable Stagnic Luvisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63(3), 403-413.</p>

scholarly journals Physical and chemical attributes of archaeological soils developed from shell middens in the Região dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1100-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Resende Corrêa ◽  
Carlos Ernesto G.R Schaefer ◽  
Vander de Freitas Melo ◽  
Kleberson Worslley de Souza ◽  
João Carlos Ker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Shell Middens ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Região Dos Lagos ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In prehistoric times, innumerous shell middens, called "sambaquis", consisting mainly of remains of marine organisms, were built along the Brazilian coast. Although the scientific community took interest in these anthropic formations, especially since the nineteenth century, their pedological context is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize and identify the physical and chemical changes induced by soil-forming processes, as well as to compare the morphology of shell midden soils with other, already described, anthropogenic soils of Brazil. Four soil profiles developed from shell middens in the Região dos Lagos - RJ were morphologically described and the physical and chemical properties determined. The chemical analysis showed that Ca, Mn, Mg, and particularly P and Zn are indicators of anthropic horizons of midden soils, as in the Amazon Dark Earths (Terras Pretas de Índio). After the deposition of P-rich material, P reaction and leaching can mask or disturb the evidence of in situ man-made strata, but mineralogical and chemical studies of phosphate forms can elucidate the apparent complexity. Lower phosphate-rich strata without direct anthropic inputs indicate P leaching and precipitation in secondary forms. The total and bioavailable contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, P, and organic C of midden soils were much higher than of regional soils without influence of ancient human settlements, demonstrating that the high fertility persisted for long periods, at some sites for more than 4000 years. The physical analysis showed that wind-blown sand contributed significantly to increase the sand fraction in the analyzed soils (texture classes sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and that the aeolian sand accumulation occurred simultaneously with the midden formation.

Impact of soil water erosion processes on catchment export of soil aggregates and associated SOC

Geoderma ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoucai Wei ◽  
Xiaoping Zhang ◽  
Neil B. McLaughlin ◽  
Xuewen Chen ◽  
Shuxia Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Erosion Processes

scholarly journals Trilobites from the Rickard Hill facies of the Saugerties Member of the Schoharie Formation, eastern New York (upper Emsian and Lower Devonian): a case study in taphonomy and sequence stratigraphy from glacial erratics

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Martin A. Becker ◽  
Rebecca B. Chamberlain ◽  
Harry M. Maisch ◽  
Alex Bartholomew ◽  
John A. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Lower Devonian ◽  
New York State ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
York State ◽  
Hudson Valley ◽  
Faunal Abundance ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Glacial erratics belonging to the Rickard Hill facies (RHF) of the Saugerties Member of the Schoharie Formation (upper Emsian: Lower Devonian) occur scattered throughout the Piedmont of northern New Jersey and Lower Hudson Valley of New York. These RHF glacial erratics contain an assemblage of trilobites belonging to: Anchiopella anchiops, Burtonops cristatus, Calymene platys, Terataspis grandis, cf. Trypaulites sp. and cf. Coniproetus sp. This RHF glacial erratic trilobite assemblage consists predominately of disarticulated cephala and pygidia that were originally preserved as part of a localized, third-order eustatic sea level lag deposit in the Helderberg Mountains region of central New York State and subsequently transported in glacially plucked blocks by the Hudson-Champlain Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet southward into New Jersey. Physical and chemical weathering during glacial erosion, transportation and deposition of the RHF glacial erratics has revealed some anatomical features of these trilobites in high detail along with other invertebrates. This unique sequence of weathering reveals additional characteristics that bear upon issues of bathymetric controls on upper Schoharie Formation lithology, trilobite faunal abundance and taphonomy during the upper Emsian (Lower Devonian) of eastern New York State.  

scholarly journals Profile degradations of podzolic chernozem of the territory of Male Polissia

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Haskevych
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Average Annual Loss ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Statistical Field

The article presents the results of the study of Male Polissia podzolic chernozems profile degradation. The causes and consequences of this dangerous natural and man-made phenomenon resulting in changes in the habitus of soils, losses of soil mass and humus, deterioration of general physical properties and structural and aggregate composition, decrease in soil fertility and agriculture unprofitability on the slopes have been analysed. In the study of the profile degradation of podzolic chernozems, the following methods have been used: comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, soil-catena, analytical, and statistical. Field studies were conducted after the vegetation period. According to the study results, the thickness of the profile of weakly eroded podzolic chernozems, in comparison with non-eroded types, decreased by 17.0–35.5% as compared to the standard, which corresponds to satisfactory and pre-crisis condition, in medium eroded soils - by 32.2–63.4%, the degree of degradation is estimated as pre-crisis, crisis and catastrophic. In the highly eroded types, the thickness of the soil layer decreased by 47.8–74.9%, which indicates a high and very high (crisis) level of profile degradation. Erosion soil loss compared to the standard in weakly eroded podzolic chernozems is 1245.0-3744.6 t/ha, in medium eroded soil – 6762.4-8321.0 t/ha, and in highly-eroded soil – 8874.0-11595.0 t/ha. It has been established that chernozems as a result of water erosion from one hectare of weakly eroded podzolic, on average 39.47–118.70 tons of humus was eroded, 214.36-237.98 tons was eroded from medium eroded ones, and 240.49-267.84 tons from highly eroded soils. The average annual loss of humus is from 0.23-0.68 t/ha in weakly eroded types to 1.37-1.53 t/ha in highly eroded podzolic chernozems. Erosion processes result in deterioration of physical properties of soils. The use of dense and low-humus plumage horizons for plowing causes compaction of soils and deterioration of structure. Minimization of podzolic chernozem profile degradation in Male Polissia is possible provided that the system of anti-erosion measures, especially the conservation of highly eroded soils, the introduction of soil protection methods for soil cultivation, optimization of the structure of crop areas, ban on cultivated crops on slopes more than 3° steep, consolidation of small areas in larger arrays are applied. It is also necessary to introduce a system of basic and crisis monitoring over the condition of eroded soils. Key words: Male Polissia, podzolic chernozems, profile degradation, water erosion, humus, soil conservation.

scholarly journals Lithogenic hydrogen supports microbial primary production in subglacial and proglacial environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. e2007051117
Author(s):  
Eric C. Dunham ◽  
John E. Dore ◽  
Mark L. Skidmore ◽  
Eric E. Roden ◽  
Eric S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Mineral Surfaces ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
Carbonate Catchment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Life in environments devoid of photosynthesis, such as on early Earth or in contemporary dark subsurface ecosystems, is supported by chemical energy. How, when, and where chemical nutrients released from the geosphere fuel chemosynthetic biospheres is fundamental to understanding the distribution and diversity of life, both today and in the geologic past. Hydrogen (H2) is a potent reductant that can be generated when water interacts with reactive components of mineral surfaces such as silicate radicals and ferrous iron. Such reactive mineral surfaces are continually generated by physical comminution of bedrock by glaciers. Here, we show that dissolved H2 concentrations in meltwaters from an iron and silicate mineral-rich basaltic glacial catchment were an order of magnitude higher than those from a carbonate-dominated catchment. Consistent with higher H2 abundance, sediment microbial communities from the basaltic catchment exhibited significantly shorter lag times and faster rates of net H2 oxidation and dark carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation than those from the carbonate catchment, indicating adaptation to use H2 as a reductant in basaltic catchments. An enrichment culture of basaltic sediments provided with H2, CO2, and ferric iron produced a chemolithoautotrophic population related to Rhodoferax ferrireducens with a metabolism previously thought to be restricted to (hyper)thermophiles and acidophiles. These findings point to the importance of physical and chemical weathering processes in generating nutrients that support chemosynthetic primary production. Furthermore, they show that differences in bedrock mineral composition can influence the supplies of nutrients like H2 and, in turn, the diversity, abundance, and activity of microbial inhabitants.

scholarly journals Perda de Solo no Alto Curso das Bacias Hidrográficas dos Ribeirões Taquaruçu Grande e Taquaruçuzinho, Palmas (TO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Marcelo Divino Ribeiro Pereira ◽  
João Batista Pereira Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

A aplicação de modelos matemáticos na análise da perda de solo em bacias hidrográficas ganhou atenção, nos anos de 1960 e 1970, a partir da análise integrada da paisagem. Nesse contexto, a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS) se destaca como um dos modelos mais utilizados mundialmente no conhecimento dos processos erosivos e no planejamento ambiental. Diante disso, este estudo tem por objetivo estimar as perdas de solos nas bacias hidrográficas dos córregos Macacão e Mutum, localizadas no município de Palmas (TO). Os resultados demonstram que as áreas estudadas sofreram com um alto poder de erosividade (R) ao longo dos anos 1995 a 2019, com valores entre 12,188 a 12,319 t/ha MJ-1 mm-1. Quanto ao solo, o Neossolo Litólico Distrófico (RLD) apresenta o maior valor de erodibilidade (K), 0,049 t/ha MJ-1 mm-1.No que tange ao fator topográfico (LS), cerca de 80% das áreas das bacias mostram valores de LS considerados baixos, situados entre 0,029 a 1,86, e 1,86 a 4,30. Já para o fator relacionado ao uso e manejo do solo e às práticas conservacionistas (CP), as áreas mais suscetíveis ao processo erosional diz respeito às classes de pastagem e queimadas. Desta forma, observa-se que as classes de erosão hídrica nas bacias são consideradas moderada, grave e muito grave pelo estudo da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) de 1984, ainda que represente somente 19% da área da bacia do Macacão e 24% da bacia do Córrego Mutum.  Loss of soil in the high course of hydrographic basins of ribeirões Taquaruçu Grande and Taquaruçuzinho, Palmas (TO) A B S T R A C TThe application of mathematical models in the analysis of soil loss in watersheds gained attention in the 1960s and 1970s from the integrated analysis of the landscape. In this context, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (EUPS) stood out as one of the most used models worldwide in the knowledge of erosion processes and in environmental planning. Therefore, this study aims to estimate soil losses in the hydrographic basins of the Macacão and Mutum streams, located in the municipality of Palmas (TO). The results demonstrate that the studied areas suffered from a high power of erosivity (R) over the years 1995 to 2019, with values between 12.188 to 12.319 t/ha MJ-1 mm-1. As for the soil, the Neosol Litolic Dystrophic (RLD) has the highest erodibility value (K), 0.049 t/ha MJ-1 mm-1. Regarding the topographic factor (LS), about 80% of the basin areas show LS values considered low, situated between 0.029 to 1.86, and 1.86 to 4.30. As for the factor related to the use and management of soil and conservation practices (CP), the areas most susceptible to the erosion process concern the grazing and burning classes. Thus, it is observed that the classes of water erosion in the basins are considered moderate, severe and very severe by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) study of 1984, although it represents only 19% of the area of the Macacão basin and 24% of the Mutum Stream basin.Keywords: Water erosion. Hydrographic basin. USLE. 

Gully erosion processes: monitoring and modelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (14) ◽  
pp. 1839-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Casalí ◽  
Rafael Giménez ◽  
Sean Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Erosion Processes
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