scholarly journals Endoglucanase Activity of Novel Aspergillus sydowii Isolate WIU-01 and Application for Hydrophyte Degradation

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Aspergillus Sydowii ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

<p>Many eutrophic lakes contain rapidly growing hydrophytes. Overgrown biomass is usually me-chanically harvested and thrown away, leading to resource waste and secondary environmental pollution. Microbial degradation is an economically and environmentally friendly approach for managing hydrophytic waste, fuelling the search for efficient biomass degraders. Here, we present isolation and characterization of Aspergillus sydowii WIU-01, a novel cellulolytic fungus. Strain WIU-01 was isolated from air. The degradation rate (29.75 vs. 21.95%) and endoglucanase activi-ty (0.31 vs. 0.16 U mL–1) of the fungus were higher in Canna indica (emergent plant) medium than in Hydrilla verticillata (submerged plant) medium, accordingly. Further, fungal endoglucanase ac-tivity was significantly positively correlated with the degradation rate, neutral detergent fiber con-tent, and acid detergent fiber content of hydrophyte powder. Fungal biomass was significantly negatively correlated with reducing sugar and cellulose content of hydrophyte medium, but was significantly positively correlated with hemicellulose, acid detergent lignin, and ash content of the medium. Collectively, these observations indicate that A. sydowii decomposes emergent and sub-merged plant mass without acid–base sample pretreatment, albeit its endoglucanase activity is rela-tively low. This highlights the role of cellulolytic microorganisms in the natural environment and the notion that the environment can be a source of cellulolytic microorganisms for potential envi-ronmentally friendly applications.</p>

Endoglucanase activity of cellulolytic bacteria from lake sediments and its application in hydrophyte degradation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongpei Zhang ◽  
Qianzheng Li ◽  
Yuqing Zhao ◽  
Mingzhen Zhang ◽  
Dong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Submerged Plants ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity

Abstract Hydrophytes are plants that grow in or on water. Their overgrowth adversely affects the ecosystem because of crowding out other aquatic organisms and polluting the environment with plant residue. In principle, cellulolytic bacteria can be used to degrade hydrophyte biomass. We here isolated and characterized four cellulolytic bacterial strains from Lake Donghu sediments (Wuhan, China) that are rich in organic matter and plant residues. The isolates (WDHS-01 to 04) represent Bacillus, Micromonospora, and Streptomyces genera. The bacteria exhibited pronounced endoglucanase activities (from 0.022 to 0.064 U mL–1). They did not extensively degrade the emerged plant Canna indica L. However, in an Hydrilla verticillata (submerged plant) degradation medium, strain WDHS-02 exhibited a high degradation rate (54.91%), endoglucanase activity of 0.35 U mL–1 and the conversion rate of cellulose to reducing sugars of 7.15%. Correlation analysis revealed that bacterial endoglucanase activity was significantly correlated with the degradation rate, and acid detergent lignin, ash and cellulose content of the residual H. verticillata powder. In conclusion, the identified bacteria efficiently decomposed submerged plants without the need for acid–base pretreatment. They expand the set of known cellulolytic bacteria and can be used for natural degradation of submerged plants.

Ruminal degradation characteristics of corn and corn–sunflower intercropped silages prepared at two stages of maturity

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
L. J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Two Stages

The degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of corn–sunflower intercrop silage (CSS) and monoculture corn silage (CS) prepared from whole plants, harvested at two stages of maturity, were compared using eight mature rumen-cannulated steers. The degradation characteristics were determined by incubating the silages in nylon bags for up to 72 h in the rumen of animals fed the respective silages. The degradation characteristics determined for the silages were the soluble fraction, the insoluble but degradable fractions, the rate of degradation of the degradable fractions of silage DM and protein, and the in situ disappearance of NDF and ADF after 0.5 and 72 h of incubation. The rate of particulate passage from the rumen was determined using chromium-mordanted NDF of the four silages. Values were used to estimate effectively degraded DM and protein. The rates of DM and protein degradation were highest for late-cut CSS (6.3 and 6.0% h−1, respectively) and the least for late-cut CS (2.5 and 0.8% h−1, respectively). Averaged across stages of maturity, more (P < 0.05) DM and protein were effectively degraded with CSS (57.4 and 70.1%, respectively) than with CS (48.8 and 48.7%). Degradation of NDF in early-cut CSS was lower (P < 0.05) than in CS after 72 h of incubation. ADF disappearance from all of the silages after 72 h of incubation was similar. Ruminal degradation of DM and protein in CSS was greater than in CS, which may affect efficiency of utilization of CSS. Key words: Degradation rate, effective degradability, corn silage, intercropped corn–sunflower, steers

scholarly journals Nutritional diversity of Brachiaria ruziziensis clones

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen de Almeida Moreira ◽  
Shirley Motta de Souza ◽  
Alexandre Lima Ferreira ◽  
Thierry Ribeiro Tomich ◽  
José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Hierarchical Grouping ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Lower Contribution

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional diversity of Brachiaria ruziziensis clones through chemical composition and in vitro kinetics of ruminal fermentation. Twenty three clones of Brachiaria ruziziensis were used (15, 16, 46, 174, 411, 590, 651, 670, 768, 776, 844, 859, 950, 965, 970, 975, 1067, 1093, 1296, 1765, 1806, 1894 and 1972) and Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. ‘Kennedy’, Brachiaria brizantha cv. ‘Marandu’ and Brachiaria decumbens cv. ‘Basilisk’ as controls within 27 days of harvesting. The experimental design used randomized blocks with 26 treatments (genotypes) and three replications. Evaluation of the nutritional divergence was performed using principal components analysis, based on the following discriminatory variables: in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, crude protein (CP), degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates (KdNFC) and degradation rate of fibrous carbohydrates (KdFC). The evaluation of the nutritional diversity of Brachiaria genotypes was based on the two main components (IVDMD and NDF), which explains 96.2% of the total variance Variables of lower contribution to the discrimination of the clones were as degradation rates of the fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates. In the agglomerative hierarchical grouping analysis, five distinct groups were identified, where V group, formed by clones 46, 768 and 1067 have higher values of IVDMD compared to the other clones.

In vitro ruminal undegradable proteins of alfalfa cultivars

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Tremblay ◽  
R. Michaud ◽  
G. Bélanger ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Protein Degradation Rate

The quality of alfalfa would be greatly improved by an increase in its ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) concentration. Protein degradation rate (PDR), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), leaf weight ratio (LWR), dry matter yield (DMY), total nitrogen (TN), in vitro RUP (expressed on both TN, RUP-TN, and dry matter basis, RUP-DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations were determined in 27 alfalfa cultivars. Cultivars were seeded in triplicate on 2 consecutive years and evaluated during the 2 subsequent production years with two harvests per year. Protein degradation rate and RUP-TN were determined using a ruminal inhibitor in vitro system. Data were averaged for spring growth, summer regrowth, and both harvests across 2 production years. Each of the three data sets was analyzed by ANOVA followed by a principal component analysis (PCA) on the ANOVA means. For the four-harvest data, cultivar differences were highly significant (P < 0.001) for all variates except for PDR (P = 0.07) and RUP-TN concentration (P = 0.10). The first PCA axis was largely defined positively by RUP-DM, IVDMD, TN, LWR, and RUP-TN, but negatively with ADF, NDF, PDR, and DMY. The second PCA axis defined a contrast between PDR versus RUP-TN, DMY, ADF, and NDF. Five cultivars were distinctive with high or low PCA scores in all three PCA. Rangelander and Heinrichs, along with Ultra, had low PDR; the first two cultivars had low DMY whereas Ultra was a medium-yielding cultivar. In contrast, Algonquin and Oneida VR had high PDR and medium DMY. While the first principal component (PC) indicated a general trend that low PDR and high RUP were associated with low-yielding cultivars, the second PC identified specific cultivars with both low PDR and high DMY. Therefore, selection for low PDR and high DMY is feasible. Key words: ruminal protein escape, dry matter digestibility, alfalfa

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Cellulase Producing Bacteria for the Purpose of Converting Spent Mushroom Edible Canna-Waste into Organic Fertilizer  

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Halo Zone

Converting spent mushroom substrates into organic fertilizer helps to tackle the problem of pollution in edible canna starch processing villages and adds new value to the production chain of edible canna. To successfully turn the spent substrates into compost, there is certainly an indispensable role for cellulolytic microorganisms, in which Bacillus strains are always important. Several bacterial strains have been isolated from spent edible canna substrate after cultivation of monkey head mushroom in this study. Among isolated strains, the strain NDK5 has been selected exhibiting the highest cellulolytic activities with solubilization indexes of 6.14 and 18.3 mm for the ratio between the halo zone diameters and the colony diameters in the point cultivation method (SIratio) and the offset between the halo zone diameters and the agar hole diameters (SIoffset), respectively. The highest CMCase activity was 4.29 ± 0.071 U/ml. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses (100% homology with B. amyloliquefaciens sp. plantarum FZB42) were further carried out for the selected strain, leading to the identification of the strain as B. amyloliquefaciens sp. plantarum NDK5 strain. In addition, NDK5 was proved to have a capacity for synthesizing indole-3-acetic acid, a plant growth hormone, on an L-tryptophan-containing medium. Trial incubation of spent mushroom edible canna-substrate with the strain NDK5 showed increases in several quality criteria of the waste after 20 days of incubation, that meet the standard criteria for bio-organic fertilizer according to TCVN 7185:2002.

scholarly journals Analysis of Nutrient Composition, Rumen Degradation Characteristics, and Feeding Value of Chinese Rye Grass, Barley Grass, and Naked Oat Straw

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2486
Author(s):  
Yulin Ma ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Yanfang Liu ◽  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Experimental Trials

The current study was designed to investigate the chemical composition, rumen degradation characteristics, and feeding value of three roughages commonly used in Asia as ruminant feed, including Chinese rye grass (CRG), barley grass (BG), and naked oat straw (NO). Four Holstein Friesian cows equipped with permanent rumen fistulas were chosen for experimental trials in the current study. The nylon bag method was carried out to measure the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Our analysis revealed that the contents of CP in the CRG (9.0%) and BG (8.9%) were higher than in the NO (5.94%). The contents of NDF in the CRG (64.97%) and NO (63.83%) were lower than in the BG (67.33%), and the content of ADF in the CRG (37.03%) was lower than in the BG (37.93%) and NO (38.28%). The ED values of DM in the NO and CRG were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the BG. The effective degradability (ED) values of NDF were the highest in the CRG and lowest in the NO (p < 0.001). In addition, the ED values of ADF were the highest in the CRG and lowest in the BG (p < 0.001). The ED value of CP in the CRG was significantly higher than that in the BG and NO (p < 0.001). The estimated total digestible nutrients (TDN) (54.56%) and DM degradation rate (DDM) (60.06%) of the CRG were higher than those of BG and NO. In addition, the expected DM intake (DMI), estimated relative feed value (RFV), and estimated relative feed quality (RFQ) of the BG were lower than those of the CRG and NO. Altogether, based on our findings, we concluded that the nutritional quality, feeding value and effective rumen degradation rate of CRG were better than of BG and NO.

scholarly journals Nutritional quality enrichment of rice straw using Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) singer and micro-filamentous fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Most Ferdousi Begum ◽  
Abdul Razak Alimon
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Nutritional Qualities ◽  
Pleurotus Sajor Caju

Solid state fermentation was carried out by Pleurotus sajor-caju, micro-filamentous fungi and culture filtrate of P. sajor-caju with different combinations to improve nutritional qualities of rice straw. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of the fermented rice straw were significantly reduced in mixed culture with filamentous fungi and P. sajor-caju. The cellulose and hemicellulose contents also reduced in similar manner. P. sajor-caju showed strong lignolytic activity resulting cellulose/lignin ratio of 5:1 when rice straw and PKC were supplemented. The protein content increased from 5.86 - 11.12, 12.98 and 13.14%, respectively. The maximum and significant amount of soluble protein 11.84 mg/g and glucosamine 18.50 mg/g was recorded in mixed culture at 30% palm oil kernel cake (PKC) supplementation. The maximum reducing sugar of 18.76 mg/g and endoglucanase activity 11.54 U/ml was recorded in same treatment. The mineral contents K, P, Ca, Mg and Fe were significantly higher in fermented sample while Cu and Zn were non-significant. The antioxidant activity improved by 45% and significantly varied between fermented and unfermented samples. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18039 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 333-341, 2013 (December)

scholarly journals 55 The influence of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) age on in situ rumen degradation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Joseph Gulizia ◽  
Kevin Downs ◽  
Song Cui
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Pueraria Montana

Abstract Early and late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) leaves were collected to analyze dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in situ rumen disappearance to assess kudzu quality. Four studies were conducted during different growing seasons [2 repeated early season (ES); 2 repeated late season (LS) to determine age variability effects. Kudzu collected from 7 middle Tennessee counties were incubated in the rumen for designated lengths of time (0.25, 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) to determine total rumen degradation (%) and rate of disappearance (% / h). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with repeated measures. Regression analysis was used to determine degradation rate. Overall season effects (across incubation times) for dry matter disappearance (DMD) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant season by incubation time interactions were exhibited for total DMD at 12 (P < 0.0001), 24 (P = 0.0004), 36 (P = 0.0055), 48 (P = 0.0209), and 72 h (P = 0.0384) incubation, with an average rumen degradability of ES kudzu being 9.75% higher than LS between 12 and 72 h. Slope regression between 1 and 24 h determined a rumen degradation rate of 2.41% / h across both seasons, with no significant seasonal difference (P = 0.3396). These results are indicative that ES kudzu is more highly rumen degradable than LS, as evidenced by the significant season by incubation time interactions between 12 and 72 h of incubation. Although there are significant seasonal effects on kudzu DMD during certain incubation times, DMD overall for ES and LS is still indicative of high rumen degradability with an average of 81.45% at 72 h across both seasons. Season effects were minimal for NDF, ADF, and CP rumen disappearance.

scholarly journals Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose of Date Palm Fibers as a Promising Candidate for Bio-Nanocomposites: Isolation and Characterization

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Amina Hachaichi ◽  
Benalia Kouini ◽  
Lau Kia Kian ◽  
Mohammad Asim ◽  
Hassan Fouad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Date Palm Fibers

Date palm fiber (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a natural biopolymer rich in lignocellulosic components. Its high cellulose content lends them to the extraction of tiny particles like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). These cellulose-derived small size particles can be used as an alternative biomaterial in wide fields of application due to their renewability and sustainability. In the present work, NCC (A) and NCC (B) were isolated from date palm MCC at 60 min and 90 min hydrolysis times, respectively. The isolated NCC product was subjected to characterization to study their properties differences. With the hydrolysis treatment, the yields of produced NCC could be attained at between 22% and 25%. The infrared-ray functional analysis also revealed the isolated NCC possessed a highly exposed cellulose compartment with minimized lignoresidues of lignin and hemicellulose. From morphology evaluation, the nanoparticles’ size was decreased gradually from NCC (A) (7.51 nm width, 139.91 nm length) to NCC (B) (4.34 nm width, 111.51 nm length) as a result of fragmentation into cellulose fibrils. The crystallinity index was found increasing from NCC (A) to NCC (B). With 90 min hydrolysis time, NCC (B) showed the highest crystallinity index of 71% due to its great cellulose rigidity. For thermal analysis, NCC (B) also exhibited stable heat resistance, in associating with its highly crystalline cellulose structure. In conclusion, the NCC isolated from date palm MCC would be a promising biomaterial for various applications such as biomedical and food packaging applications.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics, nutritive quality, and methane production of tropical grasses in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Montalvão Lima ◽  
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho ◽  
Paulo de Mello Tavares Lima ◽  
Gabriel Zanuto Sakita ◽  
Tairon Pannunzio Dias e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Signal Grass

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate three tropical forage species for their in vitro methane (CH4) production and organic matter degradability, in order to determine the relationships between forage grass nutritive quality and CH4 production. Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), and signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) were evaluated. Palisade grass showed the highest organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, and lower-crude protein content. Signal grass had the highest values for hemicellulose and neutral detergent fiber-nitrogen, and the lowest-cellulose content. Guinea grass and signal grass showed a higher-total gas production than palisade grass. Besides, Guinea grass showed an increased CH4 production, and palisade grass showed lower value for truly degraded organic matter, and reduced partitioning factor, in comparison to signal grass. An increased CH4 production was observed in cases of lower hemicellulose and paratitioning factor. The nutritive value and CH4 production of forages may be employed as parameters, aiming at the sustainability of ruminant production.

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