scholarly journals Analysis of Nitrate occurrence and distribution in Groundwater in the Gaza Strip using major ion chemistry by Baalousha H.

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-349
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Major Ion ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
The Gaza Strip

Nitrate in groundwater in the Gaza Strip, Palestine has become a serious problem in the last decade. As a result of extensive use of fertilizers, discharging of wastewater from treatment plants, and leakage of wastewater form cesspools, increased levels of nitrate up to 400 mg/l have been detected in groundwater. Nitrate concentrations more than 50 mg l-1 are very harmful to infant, foetuses, and people with health problems. The most efficient way to prevent nitrate impacts is to identify the sources of nitrate and to reduce them at the source. In this study, samples of groundwater from 63 wells were collected and chemically analyzed. Analysis of these samples revealed they have nitrate concentrations more than the maximum permissible limit recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The major ion chemistry analysis was used to identify nitrate sources. Based on the relation between land use and nitrate concentration in groundwater, sources of nitrate were identified. These sources are: (1) leakage from wastewater treatment plants, (2) leakage from cesspits, and (3) intensive agricultural activities. It was found that the leakage of wastewater from cesspits and over-loaded treatment plants has greater influence on groundwater nitrate contamination more than agricultural activities. This study shows the important role of the type of infiltrated water into the sub-soil, combined land use, in determining the source of nitrate in groundwater.

scholarly journals Groundwater Vulnerability and Nitrate Contamination Assessment and Mapping Using DRASTIC and Geostatistical Analysis

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2022
Author(s):  
Moustafa El Baba ◽  
Prabin Kayastha ◽  
Marijke Huysmans ◽  
Florimond De Smedt
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
Geostatistical Analysis ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Regression Kriging ◽  
Contamination Assessment ◽  
The Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip is in a chronic state of water shortage and the coastal aquifer as the only freshwater source is increasingly depleted and polluted, especially by nitrate. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution is essential for adequate protection and management. In this study, the assessment of the aquifer vulnerability to contamination is derived by applying the DRASTIC procedure, firstly with original default weights and ratings and, secondly, improved by estimating rating values by multiple linear regression of observed log-transformed nitrate concentration in groundwater, with DRASTIC factors extended to land-use. The results are very different because high and low vulnerability areas shift considerably. Subsequently, a geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the nitrate concentration is performed, firstly by ordinary kriging interpolation of the observed nitrate concentration and secondly by regression kriging using DRASTIC factors and land-use as indicators of the spatial variation in nitrate occurrence. These maps differ because the map obtained by regression kriging interpolation shows much more details of environmental factors such as dunes, ridges, soil types and built-up areas that affect the presence of nitrate in groundwater. The results of this study can be used by the Palestinian authorities concerned with sustainable groundwater management in the Gaza Strip.

scholarly journals The influence of land use-impacted tributaries on water quality and phytoplankton in the Mooi River, North West Province, South Africa

Bothalia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauralee Koekemoer ◽  
Sanet Janse van Vuuren ◽  
Anatoliy Levanets
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
North West ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
One Year

Background: Effluents from agricultural activities, metal and peat mining, urban and industrial areas, informal settlements and wastewater treatment plants all influence tributaries feeding the Mooi River. All these land uses ultimately result in a deterioration of water quality in the Mooi River.Objectives: The main objective was to relate the effects of inflowing tributaries to water quality and phytoplankton assemblages in the Mooi River.Method: Physico-chemical environmental variables were compared with water quality objectives and known limits to assess general water quality in the Mooi River over a one-year period. Water quality and phytoplankton in tributarieswere compared to that at sites upstream and downstream from their inflows to determine the extent to which the tributaries affected the Mooi River. Multivariate analysis assisted in the interpretation of phytoplankton and physico-chemical data at the different sites.Results: Seven phytoplankton phyla were identified in the Mooi River. Diatoms and green algae were most dense and diverse. Cyanobacteria were responsible for various problems, especially in the Wasgoedspruit where they dominated and reached high densities. Lowest phytoplankton density and diversity were found in the upstream and downstream sections of the river, while maximum density and diversity were found during summer in the middle reaches. The inflow of tributaries, especially the Wasgoedspruit, had a pronounced effect on water quality downstream. Phytoplankton density and diversity were less affected than chemical variables, especially nutrient concentrations.Conclusion: Various land use activities surrounding the Mooi River’s tributaries contributed to a deterioration of water quality in the main stream of the Mooi River.

scholarly journals Impact of Natural Disasters on Water and Soil in the Northern Gaza Strip، Case Study Umm Al-Nasr Village "Bedouin Village": أثر الكوارث الطبيعية على المياه والتربة في شمال قطاع غزة حالة دراسية قرية أم النصر "القرية البدوية"

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Mahmoud Muslim- Mohammed Mohammed Al-Mughair- Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

The study aimed to focus on the suffering of the people of Umm al-Nasr village by studying the impact of disasters on water and soil in the village of Umm al-Nasr، and to identify the levels of pollution that hit the groundwater in the village، And analysis of reports of samples of the soil that was bombed by the Israeli occupation in the northern Gaza Strip during the war in 2014 with the concentration on the soil and water of the village of Umm al-Nasser، and then to clarify the situation in which the agricultural land that was polluted in the village. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach to the sources and reports issued by the ministries and official bodies related to the effects of the environment and scientific studies in the northern Gaza Strip، The results of the analysis of 14 samples of the soil in the northern Gaza Strip، which focus a report on contamination with heavy metals (Ni، Cr، Cu، Mn، Co، Pb) by comparing the standard of the World Health. Analysis Demonstrated improvement in filtration process and improved quality of wastewater treatment despite the presence of contamination in some of the results،Such as nitrates and chlorides are greater than the limits allowed in some wells and the results of ammonia is greater than the permissible limit. The study recommended the need to address environmental life-threatening disasters in the village of Umm al-Nasr، which include pollution of water and soil in scientific ways، as well as adopting the methodology of sustainable development goals for water resources to increase the proportion of wastewater treatment and to overcome the percentage of water losses exceeding 50%،It is also necessary to work on a comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts، including the impact of war on environmental elements in the Gaza Strip، and to take appropriate scientific measures to address the risks.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Cycle Dynamics Revealed Through δ18O-NO3− Analysis in California Groundwater

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Nate Veale ◽  
Ate Visser ◽  
Bradley Esser ◽  
Michael Singleton ◽  
Jean Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Dual Isotope ◽  
Quality Issue

Nitrate is a significant water-quality issue in California, the United States as a whole, and the world. Critical to addressing nitrate contamination is understanding the presence and extent of denitrification, and further refining the techniques used to identify nitrate sources. The use and understanding of nitrate isotopic signatures to identify nitrate sources have advanced tremendously; however, knowledge gaps remain concerning specific fractionation pathways and the role of denitrification in altering source values. Using a large unique database of California groundwater nitrate isotopic compositions, we explored the utility of nitrate–oxygen isotope ratios in determining specific nitrate origins. Lawrence Livermore National Lab (LLNL) samples were supplemented by United States Geological Society (USGS) data to create a dataset of over 1200 dual-isotope results. Methods used at LLNL allowed for the determination of δ15N-NO3−, δ18O-NO3−, δ18O-H2O, δ2H-H2O, excess air, major dissolved gases, and excess N2. Results were examined for the degree to which δ18O-NO3− conforms to the model of nitrification in which two atoms of oxygen are sourced from ambient water and one from the atmosphere. Almost 80% of the results fall within one standard deviation of predicted values. However, 19% of samples had significantly higher values, suggesting the preservation of a synthetic nitrate source signature, mixing of sources, or widespread denitrification. Results were examined with respect to general land-use classifications and, while nitrate concentrations followed the expected pattern of being higher in agricultural settings, δ18O-NO3−patterns are complicated by application of N-fertilizer in various forms, and subsequent N cycling in the soil zone. We found that the current understanding of oxygen isotope-fractionation mechanisms cannot yet explain the prevalence of oxygen-isotope compositions with higher than predicted δ18O values, but when paired with related data such as land use and indicators of denitrification, oxygen-isotope compositions of nitrate can help to assess nitrogen cycle dynamics.

scholarly journals High-frequency NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> isotope (<i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N, <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O) patterns in groundwater recharge reveal that short-term changes in land use and precipitation influence nitrate contamination trends

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4267-4279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Suchy ◽  
Leonard I. Wassenaar ◽  
Gwyn Graham ◽  
Bernie Zebarth
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Isotope Data ◽  
Decadal Scale

Abstract. Poultry manure is the primary cause of nitrate (NO3-) exceedances in the transboundary Abbotsford–Sumas aquifer (ASA; Canada–USA) based on synoptic surveys two decades apart, but questions remained about seasonal and spatial aspects of agricultural nitrate fluxes to the aquifer to help better focus remediation efforts. We conducted over 700 monthly δ15N and δ18O of nitrate assays, focusing on shallow groundwater (< 5 years old) over a 5-year period to gain new insight on spatio-temporal sources and controls of groundwater nitrate contamination. NO3- concentrations in these wells ranged from 1.3 to 99 mg N L−1 (n=1041) with a mean of 16.2±0.4 mg N L−1. The high-frequency 15N and 18O isotope data allowed us to identify three distinctive NO3- source patterns: (i) primarily from synthetic fertilizer, (ii) dynamic changes in nitrate due to changes in land use, and (iii) from a mix of poultry manure and fertilizer. A key finding was that the source(s) of nitrate in recharge could be quickly influenced by short-term near-field management practices and stochastic precipitation events, which ultimately impact long-term nitrate contamination trends. Overall, the isotope data affirmed a subtle decadal-scale shift in agricultural practices from manure increasingly towards fertilizer nitrate sources; nevertheless, poultry-derived N remains a predominant source of nitrate contamination. Because the aquifer does not generally support denitrification, remediation of the Abbotsford–Sumas aquifer is possible only if agricultural N sources are seriously curtailed, a difficult proposition due to longstanding high-value intensive poultry and raspberry and blueberry operations over the aquifer.

scholarly journals A realidade de uma prática autocomplacente- relato de um caso de automedicação .

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléa Adas Saliba Garbin ◽  
Julia Arruda Batista ◽  
Artênio José Saliba Garbin ◽  
Tânia Adas Saliba
Keyword(s):  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
World Health ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Regulatory Assessment ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
Health Organization

Atualmente a automedicação é considerada um fenômeno crescente na população brasileira, que busca na representação dos fármacos, alívios instantâneos de dores e desconfortos autopercebidos, sem a prescrição e supervisão de um profissional habilitado. Neste sentido, com a facilidade do acesso na obtenção de medicamentos, associada a desenfreada difusão midiática dessas substâncias, com vinculação descabida as propriedades farmacodinâmicas, influenciam à população condicionada à dor, a obtenção e uso imprudente desses medicamentos. O objetivo do estudo foi relatar um caso de automedicação, e por meio dessa representação, elucidar os principais fatores associados ao uso irracional dos fármacos. Verificou por meio do presente estudo que, a criação de políticas públicas e adoção de estratégias educativas, são essenciais, controlando o uso imoderado dos fármacos, principalmente dos antibióticos, reduzindo as doenças infecciosas, além de permitir orientar os indivíduos quanto o prejuízo dessa prática autoinfligida. Por meio do estudo, ficou evidente a influência socioeducacional e cultural estão intrinsicamente ligados à prática da automedicação e do uso descomedido dos fármacos.Descritores: Automedicação; Medicamentos sem Prescrição; Política Pública.ReferênciasVilarino JF, Soares IC, Silveira CM, Rödel APP, Bortoli R, Leos RR. Perfil da automedicação em município do Sul do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 1998;32(1):43-9.Kasulkar AA, Gupta M. Self medication practices among medical students of a Private Institute. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(2):178-82.World Health Organization. Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of Medicinal Products for use in self-medication. In., vol. WHO/EDM/QSM/00.1. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2000.Andrade, DE. Terapêutica Medicamentosa em Odontologia. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2014.Arrais PSD, Brito LL, Barreto ML, Coelho HLL. Prevalência e fatores determinantes do consumo de medicamentos no Município de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2005; 21(6):1737-46.Ocan M, Obuku EA, Bwanga F, Akena D, Richard S, Ogwal-Okeng J et al. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:742.Carrera-Lasfuentes P, Aguilar-Palacio I, Roldán EC, Fumanal SM, Hernandez MJR. Consumo de medicamentos en población adulta: influencia del autoconsumo. Aten Primaria. 2013;45(10):528-35.García Milián AJ, Alonso Carbonell L, López Puig P, Yera Alós I, Ruiz Salvador AK, Blanco Hernández N. Consumo de medicamentos referidos por la población adulta de Cuba, año 2007. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 2009;25(4):5-16.Costa KS, Barros MBA, Francisco PMSB, César CLG, Goldbaum M, Carandina L. Utilização de medicamentos e fatores associados: um estudo de base populacional no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(4):649-58. Sans S, Paluzie G, Puig T, Balañá L, Balaguer-Vintró I. Prevalencia del consumo de medicamentos en la población adulta de Cataluña. Gac Sanit. 2002;16(2):121-30.Perrone AMF, Molina MC, Bertonha MEAM, Nativio J, Barros MBA. Uso de medicamentos. In: Barros MBA, César CLG, Carandina L, Goldbaum M, organizadores. As dimensões da saúde: inquérito populacional em Campinas, SP. São Paulo: Aderaldo & Rothschild; 2008.p.218-29.Beckerleg S, Lewando-Hundt G, Eddama M, el Alem A, Shawa R, Abed Y. Purchasing a quick fix from private pharmacies in the Gaza strip. Soc Sci Med.1999;49(11):1489-1500.   Danhier A, Brieva J, Villegas G, Yates T, Pérez H, Boggiano G. Utilización de medicamentos en una población urbana. Rev Med Chil. 1991;119:334-7.   López R, Kroeger A. Intervenciones educativas populares contra el uso inadequado de medicamentos. Bol Oficina Saint. Panamer. 1994;116:135-44.     Dandolini BW, Batista LB, Souza LHF, Galato D, Piovezan AP. Uso racional de antibióticos: uma experiência para educação em saúde com escolares. Ciênc saúde coletiva. 2012;17(5):1323-31. 

The Gaza Strip: politics and environment

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basem Shomar
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
The Gaza Strip

In a region where politics is part of the vocabulary of daily life, this study reveals the environment as a victim of politics in the Gaza Strip. The environmental crisis in Gaza continues to worsen as the groundwater becomes increasingly polluted and the political situation delays hope of “resting” the Gaza aquifer and finding solutions for proper disposal of sewage and solid waste. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been destroyed more than once as a result of the turbulent political situation. The Beit Lahia wastewater treatment plant flooded and killed several people in addition to causing casualties and displacing thousands of people, besides destroying homes and killing animals. The closure of the Gaza Strip led to a total paralysis of the economic sector. People's diets were seriously affected. The effects on the industrial sector were not limited only to economic dimensions but affected the environment as well. In mid-2007 alone, more than 70% of the industrial sector was closed and the environmental indicators showed around a 70% decrease in the industrial waste production compared to the previous six years. However, the pollution load was increasing due to the absence of technologies and wastewater treatment facilities. Despite all the complicated circumstances in the Gaza Strip, the population growth rate is the highest in the world which means more needs, further depletion of natural resources, and more waste and pollution.

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