scholarly journals Food intake in salt by the senegalese population: consumption scenarii.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Sokhna NDAO DIAO ◽  
◽  
Seynabou F. DIOUM ◽  
Ndeye DD NIANG ◽  
Arame MBAYE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Guide Value ◽  
The World

Introduction. In Senegal, 29.8% of adults are known to have hypertension. Among all the dietary factors causing this disease, salt and its impact on blood pressure are by far the best documented. Objective. The objective of this study was to estimate the dietary salt intake of Senegalese populations on the basis of scenarios consumption. Material and methods. This was an estimate of the amount of salt that could be consumed by a resident of Dakar and Mékhé (Thiès). For that, the analytical data relating to the salt content of the most commonly consumed millet and rice dishes were correlated with those relating to the available food consumption habits. Results. The consumption scenarios revealed that Dakar as well as Thiès resident consumed between 8.81 and 32.34g of salt by day, i.e. 176.2 to 646.8% of the guide value of 5g of salt per day recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Conclusion. Overconsumption of salt is noted in Senegalese, with sodium intakes higher than the guide value recommended by the WHO.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge and Behavior towards Salt Reduction among Hong Kong Citizens: A Cross–Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9572
Author(s):  
Jasmine Cheung ◽  
Deborah Neyle ◽  
Peggy Pik Kei Chow
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

Excessive dietary salt intake is prevalent in the Hong Kong community. Over the last decade, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has been actively promoting community participation to reduce salt intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the current knowledge levels and behaviors relating to dietary salt intake among Hong Kong adults. This cross-sectional survey involved 426 adults in Hong Kong. The findings of this study identified areas of knowledge deficit in the recommended upper limit of daily salt intake for an adult set by World Health Organization (n = 295, 69.2%) indicated a lack of awareness that the overconsumption of salt could cause coronary heart disease (n = 233, 54.7%). Disengagement with salt reduction behavior, such as rarely/never checking the sodium or salt content listed on the food label (n = 252, 59.2%) and rarely/never purchasing food labelled with low salt or no salt content (n = 292, 68.9%), was reported. Excessive salt intake in dietary habits remains an under-recognized non-communicable disease threat by Hong Kong citizens, indicating ineffective responsive risk communication. There is a need to refine existing salt reduction initiatives to aid in making appropriate decisions regarding dietary salt intake among Hong Kong citizens.

scholarly journals Physical activity as a global risk factor for non-communicable diseases: time for action, what, why, when, who and how?

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two-thirds of global mortality, at least 50% of which is preventable on the basis of modifiable lifestyle behaviours. In the wake of the UN Global Summit on NCDs, the World Health Organization produced a discussion paper that emphasised the need for a global monitoring framework and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs.1 The WHO discussion paper presents 10 suggested voluntary targets including the reduction in deaths due to NCDs, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, an overall reduction in blood pressure and obesity, as well as reduced smoking, alcohol and dietary salt intake, increased screening for cervical cancer and the elimination of trans-fats from the food supply. Physical activity is notable by its absence from this critical list of voluntary global targets for preventing and controlling NCDs

scholarly journals Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Katherine Paterson ◽  
Nerida Hinge ◽  
Emalie Sparks ◽  
Kathy Trieu ◽  
Joseph Alvin Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Salt Consumption

Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.

P1857SALT CONSUMPTION, LIFESTYLE AND PROTEINURIA IN A HETEROGENEOUS YOUNG POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Zullo ◽  
Lorenzo Dallari ◽  
Alfredo Bagalà ◽  
Chiara Somma ◽  
Giuseppe Ferro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Italian Regions

Abstract Background and Aims Obesity, hypertension, smoke, high dietary salt intake and physical inactivity are the main modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease, that affects about 9-10% of Italian people. About daily salt intake, the World Health Organization recommends a maximum consumption of 5 grams of salt per day. In Italy, most people consume too much salt – on average 8-10 grams per day or around twice the recommended maximum level of intake. Aim of this study was to investigate dietary habits and lifestyle of the heterogeneous students population of “Scuola Carabinieri di Firenze” (attended by people coming from all Italian regions) and their relations with urinary abnormalities. Method from November 2018 to March 2019 we collected anamnestic and anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements and body cellular mass (BCM) of 257 young subjects (152 males, 105 females; mean age 32 + 11 yy). We determinated sodium, chlorine and protein excretion on a spot urine sample in addition to plasma creatinine levels. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results We analyzed preliminary data of urinary sodium excretion (UNa), proteinuria (Up) and hematuria (Urbc) of all the subjects. Fifty-five percent of them had a UNa higher than 100 mmol/L (approximately equivalent to a dietary salt intake of 6 grams/day). In these subjects with higher salt consumption, Up and Urbc, measured by urine dipstick, were detectable in 32% and 21% respectively. In subjects with lower salt intake (less than 6 grams/day), Up and Urbc were 0% and 5% respectively. To determine if there was an association between our variables, we used Pearson correlation coefficient. We found that UNa was directly related to Up (r 0.26, p 0.002), age (r 0.22 p 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, r 0.22, p 0.012). We also found that poor exercise (r -0.15, p 0.7) and low lean body mass percentage (r -0.15, p 0.7) were inversely related to UNa. Conclusion high dietary salt intake is associated with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria in a young and “healthy” population. Hypertension and proteinuria are both known risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease. Wrong dietary habits and lifestyles must be detected and corrected in order to prevent nephropathy onset.

scholarly journals Salt Content in Traditional and Nontraditional Breads in Yazd City, Iran, 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Lotfi ◽  
Vahid Jafari ◽  
Vali Dad ◽  
Javad Biabani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yazd City

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of premature death in the 21st century. Dietary factors, such as high salt intake, are related to increased risk of CVDs{Akpolat, 2009 #21}. One of the main sources of dietary salt is bread. On the other hand, salt content is a quality indicator of bread. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the salt content in a variety of consumed breads in Yazd city, Iran. Methods: This study was a cross sectional research conducted in Yazd. The list of the bakeries obtained from their industry office. Ten percent of about 600 bakeries in Yazd (62 bakeries; 2 samples in each bakery) were selected using simple random sampling based on sample frame of ID number of each bakery. Finally, 9 types of bread included in this study. Sodium content was measured using flame photometer method. Salt content in breads was reported in each 100 g bread. Results: It was found that Nan-Taftoon Tanuri is the most popular bread among traditional breads in Yazd (45.2%). It had significantly more salt than Nan-Fantezi and Nan-Sangak (P < 0.02). Also, Nan-Sangak had the least salt among traditional breads. However, the mean salt of traditional breads was more than the standard level (1g salt/100g bread (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The current study showed that the mean salt content of traditional breads was significantly more than the standard level. Furthermore, Nan-TaftoonTanuri had significantly more salt than others, such as Nan-Fantezi and Nan-Sangak.

scholarly journals Salt Appetite and its Effects on Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Aldosteronism

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (06) ◽  
pp. 386-393
Author(s):  
Christian Adolf ◽  
Holger Schneider ◽  
Daniel A. Heinrich ◽  
Laura Handgriff ◽  
Martin Reincke
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Salt Appetite ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

AbstractFirst described in 1955 by Jerome W. Conn, primary aldosteronism (PA) today is well established as a relevant cause of secondary hypertension and accounts for about 5–10 % of hypertensives. The importance of considering PA is based on its deleterious target organ damage far beyond the effect of elevated blood pressure and on PA being a potentially curable form of hypertension. Aside the established contributory role of high dietary salt intake to arterial hypertension and cardiovascular disease, high salt intake is mandatory for aldosterone-mediated deleterious effects on target-organ damage in patients with primary aldosteronism. Consequently, counselling patients on the need to reduce salt intake represents a major component in the treatment of PA to minimize cardiovascular damage. Unfortunately, in PA patients salt intake is high and far beyond the target values of 5 g per day, recommended by the World Health Organization. Insufficient patient motivation for lifestyle interventions can be further complicated by enhancing effects of aldosterone on salt appetite, via central and gustatory pathways. In this context, treatment for PA by adrenalectomy results in a spontaneous decrease in dietary salt intake and might therefore provide further reduction of cardiovascular risk in PA than specific medical treatment alone. Furthermore, there is evidence from clinical studies that even after sufficient treatment of PA dietary salt intake remains a relevant prognostic factor for cardiovascular risk. This review will focus on the synergistic benefits derived from both blockade of aldosterone-mediated effects and reduction in dietary salt intake on cardiovascular risk.

Salt and high blood pressure

2009 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sailesh Mohan ◽  
Norm R. C. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
The World

HBP (high blood pressure) is the leading risk of death in the world. Unfortunately around the world, blood pressure levels are predicted to become even higher, especially in developing countries. High dietary salt is an important contributor to increased blood pressure. The present review evaluates the association between excess dietary salt intake and the importance of a population-based strategy to lower dietary salt, and also highlights some salt-reduction strategies from selected countries. Evidence from diverse sources spanning animal, epidemiology and human intervention studies demonstrate the association between salt intake and HBP. Furthermore, animal studies indicate that short-term interventions in humans may underestimate the health risks associated with high dietary sodium. Recent intervention studies have found decreases in cardiovascular events following reductions in dietary sodium. Salt intake is high in most countries and, therefore, strategies to lower salt intake could be an effective means to reduce the increasing burden of HBP and the associated cardiovascular disease. Effective collaborative partnerships between governments, the food industry, scientific organizations and healthcare organizations are essential to achieve the WHO (World Health Organization)-recommended population-wide decrease in salt consumption to less than 5 g/day. In the milieu of increasing cardiovascular disease worldwide, particularly in resource-constrained low- and middle-income countries, salt reduction is one of the most cost-effective strategies to combat the epidemic of HBP, associated cardiovascular disease and improve population health.

Dietary salt intake modulates differential splicing of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (8) ◽  
pp. F1139-F1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Maria Schieβl ◽  
Agnes Rosenauer ◽  
Veronika Kattler ◽  
Will W. Minuth ◽  
Mona Oppermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Differential Splicing ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Low Salt

Both sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and macula densa salt sensing crucially depend on the function of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. The NKCC2 gene gives rise to at least three different full-length NKCC2 isoforms derived from differential splicing. In the present study, we addressed the influence of dietary salt intake on the differential splicing of NKCC2. Mice were subjected to diets with low-salt, standard salt, and high-salt content for 7 days, and NKCC2 isoform mRNA abundance was determined. With decreasing salt intake, we found a reduced abundance of the low-affinity isoform NKCC2A and an increase in the high-affinity isoform NKCC2B in the renal cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. This shift from NKCC2A to NKCC2B during a low-salt diet could be mimicked by furosemide in vivo and in cultured kidney slices. Furthermore, the changes in NKCC2 isoform abundance during a salt-restricted diet were partly mediated by the actions of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors, as determined using chronic angiotensin II infusion. In contrast to changes in oral salt intake, water restriction (48 h) and water loading (8% sucrose solution) increased and suppressed the expression of all NKCC2 isoforms, without changing the distribution pattern of the single isoforms. In summary, the differential splicing of NKCC2 pre-mRNA is modulated by dietary salt intake, which may be mediated by changes in intracellular ion composition. Differential splicing of NKCC2 appears to contribute to the adaptive capacity of the kidney to cope with changes in reabsorptive needs.

scholarly journals Physical activity as a global risk factor for non-communicable diseases: time for action, what, why, when, who and how?

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E V Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Health Organization

Chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for more than two-thirds of global mortality, at least 50% of which is preventable on the basis of modifiable lifestyle behaviours. In the wake of the UN Global Summit on NCDs, the World Health Organization produced a discussion paper that emphasised the need for a global monitoring framework and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs.1 The WHO discussion paper presents 10 suggested voluntary targets including the reduction in deaths due to NCDs, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, an overall reduction in blood pressure and obesity, as well as reduced smoking, alcohol and dietary salt intake, increased screening for cervical cancer and the elimination of trans-fats from the food supply. Physical activity is notable by its absence from this critical list of voluntary global targets for preventing and controlling NCDs

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Dietary Salt Intake among Nurses Working in a Cardiac Hospital in Bangladesh Sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Rajib Mondal ◽  
Rajib Chandra Sarker ◽  
Rumana Sayrin ◽  
Rubya Afrin ◽  
Khurshid Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background: Noticeable proportion of Bangladeshi population including health professionals is habituated with excessive salt intake although having a good knowledge and attitude. There is no related data regarding salt intake practice among nurses in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards dietary salt intake among the nurses working in a selected cardiac hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 211 nurses working in National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute (NHFHRI), Dhaka. The NHFHRI was selected purposively and all of the nurses were targeted to recruit. Modified WHO Salt Module of STEPS Questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: All of them believed that too much salt in diet could cause serious health problems, and majority (76.8%) had average knowledge regarding the health effects of excess salt intake. More than eighty percent (83.4%) believed that lowering the salt in diet is very important and about two-third (62.6%) used to consume salt just the right amount. Almost half (49.3%) of the nurses were used to add extra salt during their meal and three-quarter (76.8%) were used to take high salt content processed food. The median of extra salt intake among the always users (n=52) was found 2.5 g per day. Conclusion: In spite of having good knowledge and positive attitude towards dietary salt intake, the added salt intake behavior was noteworthy among the nurses working in NHFHRI. Cardiovasc. j. 2019; 12(1): 53-58

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