scholarly journals The invention of the Swiss house: engineers, ethnographers and artists to the discovery of the Alpine vernacular construction

ARCHALP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Braghieri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
The World ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
Cultural Functions

“At the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, Switzerland presented itself to the world by exhibiting an imaginary synthetic village, making the conflicting features of the various Cantons – which for a few decades gathered under the flag of the Confederation – the founding elements of its national identity. These features were based on the cultural core of the “idem Alpine feeling” defined by the primitive cantons of Alemannic language, Catholic religion, and mountain economy. Not being able to express an authentic image by drawing on the nation’s historicized heritage, the focus is on popular architecture. The Alpine House has built and nurtured a resilient narrated “myth” which, in its architectural form of “chalet” typical of the Bernese Oberland, has helped feed a generalist image of considerable pro-motional and commercial success for Switzerland and its industry. In the twentieth century, during the industrial growth of the nation, campaigns of survey and inventory of the rural and bourgeois “heritage” tried to scientifically systematize the heterogeneous disciplinary approaches that had undertaken the interpretation of the Alpine house in the previous century. Social, economic, and cultural functions are the raison d’être of the vernacular construction and are expressed in the lexicon of typological, constructive, and decorative elements. The specific linguistic and cultural affiliations translate not only into different materials, techniques, and forms of construction but also into different settlement models in the territory. An unwavering mythology has been built and, paradoxically, the national identity has been modelled on the assumption that Germans are “assemblers” of logs, and Latins are “builders” who use stone.”

scholarly journals What is social economic planning?

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Al Campbell ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Work First ◽  
Conscious Control

The attempts to build post-capitalist societies in the twentieth century all used variations of the material-balances economic planning procedures developed first in the USSR. Most advocates of transcending capitalism came to accept the idea that the desired new society could operate only with some variation of such an economic planning tool. One part of the current thorough reconsideration of how to build a human-centered post-capitalist society is reconsidering how it should carry out, in a way consistent with its goals, the social economic planning that all systems of production require. This brief work first addresses a number of misconceptions and myths connected with the identification of planning for socialism with the material-balances planning system. After that, and connected to real-world experiments now going on in a few countries in the world, the work considers if the required social economic planning could occur through conscious control of markets, for countries attempting to build a socialism that uses markets for both the necessary articulation of all the steps in its many production chains and for the distribution of consumer goods.

From Christian Aliens to Chinese Citizens: The National Identity of Chinese Christians in the Twentieth Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Yi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

Christianity used to be an alien affair in China, both culturally and politically. Since the Boxer Movement in 1900, Chinese Christians began to reflect on their own national identity. The Anti-Christian Movement in the 1920s accelerated this process, with the indigenisation movement as a key programme. It was due to the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in the 1950s that Chinese Christians finally became part of the Chinese People. This achievement was consolidated with the accommodation and reform in the 1980s: the greatest change in Christianity in twentieth-century China. In the global context, Chinese Christians not only need consider how to adapt to Chinese culture and society, but also how they will contribute to the world Christian movement.

scholarly journals NOMADIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD IN THE NOVEL OF S.SANBAEV “WHITE ARUANA”

2020 ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
S. Ananyeva ◽  
◽  
O. Арукенова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
The World ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Culture ◽  
The Individual

Myths, tales and legends have been referencing readers of S. Sanjeev's prose to the ancient times of the Great Steppe, despite the fact that the action of fiction take place in the twentieth century. The story of Satimzhan Sanbaev «White Aruana», which has become the hallmark of the Kazakh writer's prose, is devoted to the urgent topic «man and nature». The motives of freedom, longing for the lost great past, the indestructible call of the Motherland are central to the story. Formation of the national identity of the Kazakh people is mainly based on works imprinted in oral folklore. The problem of “man and nature” is solved by the author in terms of the increased responsibility of the inhabitants of the planet Earth for the world. The narrator reinforces mythology, psychological overtones, and tragedy against the background of an ordinary household plot. The life of the inhabitant of steppe has depicted in the fate of one family. This skill has become a peculiarity of the style of the Kazakh prose writer. The failures of the protagonist Myrzagali are perceived as a consequence of the gradual decline of the ancient and great culture of nomadism, the cosmos of Tenriism. The loneliness of the individual in nomadic culture is determined by nature, living conditions, infinity and boundless vastness of the steppe, in which the problem of «man and space» is relevant in the twenty-first century.

Our Frontier Is the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mischa Honeck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Border Crossings ◽  
Youth Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Since its founding more than one hundred years ago, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has been a fulcrum in debates over what constitutes proper boyhood and manhood. Although the BSA developed a strong national identity, these debates had implications that extended far beyond the borders of the United States. Writing the global back into the history of one of the country’s largest youth organizations, Our Frontier is the World details how the BSA operated as a vehicle of empire from the Progressive Era to the countercultural movements of the second half of the twentieth century. American boys and men wearing the Scout uniform never simply hiked local trails to citizenship; they forged ties with their international peers, camped in foreign lands, started troops on overseas military bases, traveled to Africa, and even sailed to icy Antarctica. Weaving together these stories of youthful border-crossings, this book demonstrates how the BSA presented America’s complex engagements with the world as an honorable and playful masculine adventure.

Love and Money in The Informal Empire: The British in Argentina, 1830–1930*

2019 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Cohen
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The People ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
The World ◽  
Family Harmony

Abstract Debates about Britain s ‘informal empire’ range from how it ought to be defined to whether it even really existed. But for all the heat these arguments have generated, we still know very little about what the people at the heart of British-owned enterprises thought they were doing in regions outside formal imperial control but where British capital and markets proved crucial. Drawing upon a recent deposit in Argentina of a substantial set of Anglo‐Argentine familial and business records, this article investigates British capitalism on the periphery. Anglo‐Argentines, even those whose families made their living from the cross-Atlantic trade for a century or more, did not think about their enterprises as building territory or extending Britain’s influence in the world. Money-making was their aim and their loyalties did not extend much beyond their own front door. There is a crucial — but often overlooked — distinction to be made here between national identity and economic interest. Just as Britain’s greater glory took a back seat to commercial success, so too did meeting the material and emotional needs of family members take precedence over money‐making. They prioritized family harmony over profits and stability over the possibility of expansion.

The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Reference to the Sandžak of Novi Pazar): Islam as National Identity

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
National Group ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
National Identification ◽  
The World

The Bosnian Muslims have only fairly recently become internationally identified as a national group. As a matter of fact, Bosnia and Herzegovina itself has had until lately a low recognition value to most people not living in southeastern Europe. Indeed, to many it has become a shock to discover that a fairly large group of Muslims resides in the middle of Europe, not to mention that they have become the object of ethnonationalistic violence at the end of the twentieth century. A further seeming incongruity in the international arena is the claim by many Bosnian Muslims that they should not be confused with Muslims of the Arab-speaking world, since Bosnian Muslims are indigenous Serbo-Croatian-speaking (now Bosnian-speaking) Slavic people, just like the Serbs or Croats who have committed the recent acts of violence against them in the name of ethnic purity. The Bosnian Muslim claim that the designation “Muslim” is more a national than a religious identification is confusing to the world at large. This article will trace the formation of the Bosnian Muslim national identification and set forth the issues faced by the Bosnian Muslims in their attempts to claim and defend it.

Development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" in Ukraine in the 20's of the twentieth century

2001 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
O. V. Kozerod
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Problems

The development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" and its organizations in the first quarter of the twentieth century - one of the important research problems, which is still practically not considered in the domestic Judaica. At the same time, this problem is relevant in connection with the fact that the religious movement "Khabad" during the twentieth century became the most widespread and influential area of Judaism in Ukraine and throughout the world.

Coda: The Rosetta Stone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Schotter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Digital Code ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Imagination ◽  
Origin Point

Hieroglyphs have persisted for so long in the Western imagination because of the malleability of their metaphorical meanings. Emblems of readability and unreadability, universality and difference, writing and film, writing and digital media, hieroglyphs serve to encompass many of the central tensions in understandings of race, nation, language and media in the twentieth century. For Pound and Lindsay, they served as inspirations for a more direct and universal form of writing; for Woolf, as a way of treating the new medium of film and our perceptions of the world as a kind of language. For Conrad and Welles, they embodied the hybridity of writing or the images of film; for al-Hakim and Mahfouz, the persistence of links between ancient Pharaonic civilisation and a newly independent Egypt. For Joyce, hieroglyphs symbolised the origin point for the world’s cultures and nations; for Pynchon, the connection between digital code and the novel. In their modernist interpretations and applications, hieroglyphs bring together writing and new media technologies, language and the material world, and all the nations and languages of the globe....

Faeries, Aliens, and Leviathans: Science and Fantasy in Ian McDonald's King of Morning, Queen of Day

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Richard Howard
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Irish Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Cultural Movement

Irish science fiction is a relatively unexplored area for Irish Studies, a situation partially rectified by the publication of Jack Fennell's Irish Science Fiction in 2014. This article aims to continue the conversation begun by Fennell's intervention by analysing the work of Belfast science fiction author Ian McDonald, in particular King of Morning, Queen of Day (1991), the first novel in what McDonald calls his Irish trilogy. The article explores how McDonald's text interrogates the intersection between science, politics, and religion, as well as the cultural movement that was informing a growing sense of a continuous Irish national identity. It draws from the discipline of Science Studies, in particular the work of Nicholas Whyte, who writes of the ways in which science and colonialism interacted in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Ireland.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

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