scholarly journals The Onset of Fertility Transition in Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar ◽  
John B. Casterline
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes

In a Comment published in the Autumn 2000 issue of this journal, Mr Ghulam Soomro1 takes issue with our recent article in Population and Development Review.2 Although Mr Soomro is highly critical of our article, we are pleased that he has read the article carefully and made the effort to write an extended comment. We are not prepared, however, to concede the major points in that Comment. Two major points are made by him. First, that marital fertility decline is a small component of the recent fertility decline in Pakistan, which has been mainly due to postponement of entry to first marriage. Second, that the underlying motivation for fertility change in the 1990s has been economic distress, a consequence in part of the structural adjustment programmes instituted in the late 1980s. However, in the first point, Soomro interprets the demographic data from the past three decades incorrectly and, in the second point, he misrepresents our argument.

Tourism and Structural Adjustment Programmes in the African Economy

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter U.C. Dieke
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes

The article examines the significance of tourism in the African economy. The study pays particular attention to the past decade and the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) era. Central themes are the prospects of promoting regional tourism within Africa and the implications of SAPs for the Economic Commission for Africa's (ECA's) advocacy of self-reliance and self sustainability.

scholarly journals Paul Cook and Sarah Mosedale (eds.). Regulation, Markets and Poverty. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2007. Price not given.

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-176
Author(s):  
G. M. Arif
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Regulatory Governance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
University Of Manchester ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programmes

Most developing countries have been pursuing structural adjustment programmes, driven by the World Bank and the IMF, for more than 25 years without initially recognising the importance of regulation for economic liberalisation. Without regulation, the potential advantages of liberalising markets were in danger of being diminished in terms of improved efficiency and welfare. As a consequence, new forms of regulation have been emerging that cover health, environment, industry, employment and so on. This book examines the concepts and theories that have driven these reforms and the particular contexts that have influenced and conditioned them. The research presented in the book was carried out at the Centre on Regulation and Competition (CRC), University of Manchester, the United Kingdom, over the past five years. It contains fourteen chapters organised in five parts: competition, regulatory governance, regulation, capacity building and poverty.

The Fall of Fertility in Tasmania, Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 120-144
Author(s):  
Helen Moyle
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Vital Registration ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Vital Registration Data ◽  
English Speaking

The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.

scholarly journals A Re-examination of Fertility Transition in Pakistan

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Adjustment Programme ◽  
Structural Adjustment Programme ◽  
Never Married

Pakistan is passing through an early stage of fertility transition. The slow-paced transition has been analysed in an earlier study done by Sathar and Casterline (1998), which concludes that the increase in the levels of prevalence has accelerated the fertility transition in Pakistan and as a consequence marital fertility has declined. However, this claim is not supported by the relevant statistics. A re-examination reveals that the effect of contraception is the lowest in the decline of fertility. The rise in marriages and breastfeeding has played a significant inhibiting role in the decline of fertility and marital fertility has remained constant. The structural adjustment programme (SAP), initiated in late 1980s, has led to more poverty and the proportion of never-married has increased in Pakistan as revealed by the Population Census 1998. Labour force participation by the females increased in the post-SAP period. The new economic situation appears to be indirectly responsible for the decline of fertility, and it appears to be consistent with the Malthusian macro theory of fertility.

Fertility transition on a Greek island

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
VASILIS S. GAVALAS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
National Context ◽  
Aegean Island ◽  
Family Reconstitution ◽  
Greek Island ◽  
The Way

This article explores marital fertility on the Aegean island of Paros based on family-reconstitution data from one main town and one village on the island, namely Naoussa and Kostos. By probing the reproductive behaviour of couples who married between 1894 and 1953 it was found that fertility was still ‘natural’ on the island at the beginning of the twentieth century, while a substantial fertility decline made itself visible only in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The way the population switched from natural to controlled fertility is also explored, as well as the contribution of different socio-economic groups to fertility transition. In the end, an effort is made to place the examined population in a wider European and national context.

Fertility, Nuptiality, and Family Limitation Among the Wends of Serbin, Texas, 1854 to 1920

1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Fliess
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
Males And Females

The decline of American fertility on a national scale is a well-known and well-documented phenomenon, but little is known about fertility decline at the community level. Are immigrant groups really different or are they affected by the same factors and respond to them in the same manner as native-born populations? This essay investigates the fertility and nuptiality experience of the Wends of Serbin, Texas using age-specific fertility rates, total marital fertility rates, the index of family limitation, age at last birth, birth intervals and age at first marriage for both males and females. The Wends are shown to have experienced fertility decline in the same magnitude as the rest of the country though they begin and end at higher levels.

FERTILITY DECLINE UNDER SEEMINGLY UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS IN ORISSA, INDIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARIHAR SAHOO
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
National Family ◽  
Female Literacy

SummaryOrissa, one of the extremely backward states of India with moderately high infant mortality, extreme poverty, low female literacy and very low level of industrialization and urbanization, has shown an impressive fertility decline in the last two decades. This anomaly calls for an indepth understanding of the fertility transition of the state. An analysis of the period parity progression ratios computed from the fertility histories obtained in the National Family Health Survey III shows a high progression up to the second birth, but a gradual decline after that. Thus, the transition at low level of socioeconomic development suggests a fall in the thresholds for fertility decline from levels presumed to be required in the past.

scholarly journals PERIOD AND COHORT DYNAMICS IN FERTILITY NORMS AT THE ONSET OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IN KENYA 1978–1998

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. WHITE ◽  
C. HALL ◽  
B. WOLFF
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Ideal Family Size ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Ideal Family ◽  
Rapid Fall

Summary.A characteristic of African pre-transitional fertility regimes is large ideal family size. This has been used to support claims of cultural entrenchment of high fertility. Yet in Kenya fertility rates have fallen. In this paper this fall is explored in relation to trends in fertility norms and attitudes using four sequential cross-sectional surveys spanning the fertility transition in Kenya (1978, 1984, 1989 and 1998). The most rapid fall in the reported ideal family size occurred between 1984 and 1989, whilst the most rapid fall in the total fertility rate occurred 5 to 10 years later, between 1989 and 1998. Thus these data, spanning the fertility transition in Kenya, support the traditional demographic model that demand for fertility limitation drives fertility decline. These data also suggest that the decline in fertility norms over time was partly a period effect, as the reported ideal family size was seen to fall simultaneously in all age cohorts, and partly a cohort effect, as older age cohorts reporting higher ideal family sizes were replaced by younger cohorts reporting lower ideal family sizes. These data also suggest that a new fertility norm of four children may have developed by 1989 and continued until 1998. This is consistent with, and perhaps could have been used to predict, the stall in the Kenyan fertility decline after 1998.

scholarly journals Parental Consumption Decisions and Child Health During the Early French Fertility Decline, 1790–1914

1993 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Intrahousehold Distribution ◽  
And Child Health

This article re-examines the secular improvement in human heights in France. Adult heights reflect consumption as children, so the distribution of resources between children and adults, determined primarily within households, should have influenced heights. The intrahousehold distribution of resources was influenced by the level of income and by the calorie demands of working adults. Results show that the early decline of marital fertility in France was accompanied by a small but significant increase in expenditures on child quality as measured by heights. Reductions in mortality, independent of the level of food intake, also contributed to improved heights.

Fertility and Modernity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Spolaore ◽  
Romain Wacziarg
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Barriers To Learning ◽  
New Information ◽  
French Speaking

Abstract We investigate the determinants of the fertility decline in Europe from 1830 to 1970 using a newly constructed dataset of linguistic distances between European regions. The decline resulted from the gradual diffusion of new fertility behavior from French-speaking regions to the rest of Europe. Societies with higher education, lower infant mortality, higher urbanization, and higher population density had lower levels of fertility during the 19th and early 20th century. However, the fertility decline took place earlier in communities that were culturally closer to the French, while the fertility transition spread only later to societies that were more distant from the frontier. This is consistent with a process of social influence, whereby societies that were culturally closer to the French faced lower barriers to learning new information and adopting novel attitudes regarding fertility control.

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