scholarly journals Consonance, Dissonance, and Formal Proportions in Two Works by Sofia Gubaidulina

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Kahrs
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Consonant Sounds ◽  
Extended Notion ◽  
Consonance And Dissonance

Consonance and dissonance are frequently invoked in discussions of Gubaidulina’s music, particularly in terms of the composer’s intentional contrasts between timbres and her golden section-oriented formal planning. In this paper, I use the notion of dissonance to mediate between several competing theories of Gubaidulina’s music and theories of timbre more broadly. Certain passages in her Meditation on the Bach Chorale “Vor deinen Thron tret’ ich hiermit” (1993) are identified as dissonant based on her compositional theories and on sketch material from the Paul Sacher Stiftung, and on further examples drawn from her Am Rande des Abgrunds (2002). Broadly speaking, “dissonant” sounds are closer to white noise than “consonant” sounds, aligning with empirical studies of dissonance perception as well as with spectralist compositional theories. However, Gubaidulina’s music uses this extended notion of dissonance particularly musically; dissonances have specific structural roles in a work and resolve to consonances.

scholarly journals Exposure impacts the pleasantness of consonance/dissonance but not its perceived tension

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Lahdelma ◽  
Tuomas Eerola
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Musical Expertise ◽  
Musical Context ◽  
Vital Factor ◽  
Consonance And Dissonance

The contrast between consonance and dissonance is a vital factor in making music emotionally meaningful. Consonance typically denotes perceived agreeableness and stability, while dissonance in turn disagreeableness and a need of resolution. The current research addresses the perception of consonance/dissonance in intervals and chords isolated from musical context. Experiment 1 explored the correlations between the seven most used concepts denoting consonance/dissonance across all the available (60) empirical studies published since 1883. The stimuli consisted of a representative continuum of consonance/dissonance. The results show that the concepts exhibit high correlations, albeit these are somewhat lower for non-musicians compared to musicians. In Experiment 2 the stimuli's cultural familiarity was divided into three levels, and the correlations between the pivotal concepts of Consonance, Tension, Harmoniousness, Pleasantness, and Preference were further examined. Familiarity affected the correlations drastically across both musicians and non-musicians, but in different ways. Tension maintained relatively high correlations with Consonance across musical expertise and familiarity levels. On the basis of the results a rigorous control for familiarity and musical expertise is recommended for all studies investigating the perception of consonance/dissonance. The findings help pinpoint how familiarity affects the perception of consonance/dissonance and demonstrates the pronounced effect of musical expertise on this.

All That Glitters: A Review of Psychological Research on the Aesthetics of the Golden Section

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 937-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D Green
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Aesthetic Properties ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Art And Architecture

Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, scholars have argued about whether the golden section—a number approximately equal to 0.618—holds the key to the secret of beauty. Empirical investigations of the aesthetic properties of the golden section date back to the very origins of scientific psychology itself, the first studies being conducted by Fechner in the 1860s. In this paper historical and contemporary issues are reviewed with regard to the alleged aesthetic properties of the golden section. In the introductory section the most important mathematical occurrences of the golden section are described. As well, brief reference is made to research on natural occurrences of the golden section, and to ancient and medieval knowledge and application of the golden section, primarily in art and architecture. Two major sections then discuss and critically examine empirical studies of the putative aesthetic properties of the golden section dating from the mid-19th century up to the 1950s, and the empirical work of the last three decades, respectively. It is concluded that there seems to be, in fact, real psychological effects associated with the golden section, but that they are relatively sensitive to careless methodological practices.

Integrated Fractional white Noise as an Alternative to Multifractional Brownian Motion

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Sly
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Discrete Data ◽  
Hölder Exponent ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Multifractional Brownian Motion ◽  
Local Properties

Multifractional Brownian motion is a Gaussian process which has changing scaling properties generated by varying the local Hölder exponent. We show that multifractional Brownian motion is very sensitive to changes in the selected Hölder exponent and has extreme changes in magnitude. We suggest an alternative stochastic process, called integrated fractional white noise, which retains the important local properties but avoids the undesirable oscillations in magnitude. We also show how the Hölder exponent can be estimated locally from discrete data in this model.

Auditory Selective Attention in Cerebral-Palsied Individuals

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Laraway
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Auditory Selective Attention ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the auditory selective attention abilities of normal and cerebral-palsied individuals. Twenty-three cerebral-palsied and 23 normal subjects between the ages of 5 and 21 were asked to repeat a series of 30 items consisting of from 2 to 4 digits in the presence of intermittent white noise. Results of the study indicate that cerebral-palsied individuals perform significantly poorer than normal individuals when the stimulus is accompanied by noise. Noise was not a significant factor in the performance of the normal subjects regardless of age.

White Noise and Stuttering

1961 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Sutton ◽  
Richard Allen Chase
Keyword(s):  
White Noise

Infant Responses to Recorded Sounds

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice I. Mendel
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Broadband Spectrum ◽  
Continuous Band

Thirty infants, ranging in age from 4 to 11 months, were tested with five different recorded sounds that varied in bandwidth and temporal configuration: a continuous band of white noise, the same band of noise interrupted twice per second, the crinkling of onionskin paper, a narrow band of noise centered at 3000 Hz, and a warbled 3000 Hz tone. With loudness and duration of the stimuli held constant, more responses occurred to sounds composed of a broadband spectrum than to those of a limited bandwidth. Temporal configuration of the sound had no effect on the number of responses elicited.

Damage Risk: An Evaluation of the Effects of Exposure to 85 versus 90 dBA of Noise

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Yates ◽  
Jerry D. Ramsey ◽  
Jay W. Holland
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Full Day ◽  
Damage Risk

The purpose of this study was to compare the damage risk of 85 and 90 dBA of white noise for equivalent full-day exposures. The damage risk of the two noise levels was determined by comparing the temporary threshold shift (TTS) of 12 subjects exposed to either 85 or 90 dBA of white noise for equivalent half- and full-day exposures. TTS was determined by comparing the pre- and postexposure binaural audiograms of each subject at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz. It was concluded that the potential damage risk, that is, hazardous effect, of 90 dBA is greater than 85 dBA of noise for equivalent full-day exposures. The statistical difference between the overall effects of equivalent exposures to 85 dBA as compared to 90 dBA of noise could not be traced to any one frequency. The damage risk of a full-day exposure to 85 dBA is equivalent to that of a half-day exposure to 90 dBA of noise. Within the limits of this study, TTS t was as effective as TTS 2 for estimating the damage risk of noise exposure.

Auditory Perception of Rhyming in Kindergarten Children

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
June D. Knafle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Consonant Sounds

One hundred and eighty-nine kindergarten children were given a CVCC rhyming test which included four slightly different types of auditory differentiation. They obtained a greater number of correct scores on categories that provided maximum contrasts of final consonant sounds than they did on categories that provided less than maximum contrasts of final consonant sounds. For both sexes, significant differences were found between the categories; although the sex differences were not significant, girls made more correct rhyming responses than boys on the most difficult category.

Effect of Consonant-Vowel Ratio Modification on Amplitude Envelope Cues for Consonant Recognition

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Freyman ◽  
G. Patrick Nerbonne ◽  
Heather A. Cote
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Amplitude Envelope ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Masking ◽  
Spectral Cues ◽  
Consonant Recognition ◽  
Nonlinear Amplification ◽  
Speech Envelope

This investigation examined the degree to which modification of the consonant-vowel (C-V) intensity ratio affected consonant recognition under conditions in which listeners were forced to rely more heavily on waveform envelope cues than on spectral cues. The stimuli were 22 vowel-consonant-vowel utterances, which had been mixed at six different signal-to-noise ratios with white noise that had been modulated by the speech waveform envelope. The resulting waveforms preserved the gross speech envelope shape, but spectral cues were limited by the white-noise masking. In a second stimulus set, the consonant portion of each utterance was amplified by 10 dB. Sixteen subjects with normal hearing listened to the unmodified stimuli, and 16 listened to the amplified-consonant stimuli. Recognition performance was reduced in the amplified-consonant condition for some consonants, presumably because waveform envelope cues had been distorted. However, for other consonants, especially the voiced stops, consonant amplification improved recognition. Patterns of errors were altered for several consonant groups, including some that showed only small changes in recognition scores. The results indicate that when spectral cues are compromised, nonlinear amplification can alter waveform envelope cues for consonant recognition.

An empirical review of gambling expansion and gambling-related harm

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debi A. LaPlante ◽  
Heather M. Gray ◽  
Pat M. Williams ◽  
Sarah E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Responsible Gambling ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Related Harm

Abstract. Aims: To discuss and review the latest research related to gambling expansion. Method: We completed a literature review and empirical comparison of peer reviewed findings related to gambling expansion and subsequent gambling-related changes among the population. Results: Although gambling expansion is associated with changes in gambling and gambling-related problems, empirical studies suggest that these effects are mixed and the available literature is limited. For example, the peer review literature suggests that most post-expansion gambling outcomes (i. e., 22 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 64.7 %) indicate no observable change or a decrease in gambling outcomes, and a minority (i. e., 12 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 35.3 %) indicate an increase in gambling outcomes. Conclusions: Empirical data related to gambling expansion suggests that its effects are more complex than frequently considered; however, evidence-based intervention might help prepare jurisdictions to deal with potential consequences. Jurisdictions can develop and evaluate responsible gambling programs to try to mitigate the impacts of expanded gambling.

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