scholarly journals A Survey of Program Capacity and Skills of Florida Mosquito Control Districts to Conduct Arbovirus Surveillance and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Imelda K. Moise ◽  
Rui-De Xue ◽  
Leo C. Zulu ◽  
John C. Beier
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Mosquito Surveillance ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Effective and efficient surveillance systems are key for preventing arthropod-borne diseases. We examined the capacity of Florida mosquito control districts (both state-approved and open programs, n = 90; 48.9% response rate). Questions centered on budgets, staffing levels, equipment, vector control measures, and staff perceptions of own agency's capacity to implement routine surveillance and vector control activities. Bivariate analyses indicate that districts with relatively large budgets have advanced capacities regarding staffing levels, employee specialties, mosquito control equipment, conduct routine surveillance and vector control yet they serve only a small proportion of the population. Independent tax districts' average annual budgets were 9 times higher than Board of County Commissioners programs in fiscal year 2017–18. Most respondents indicated that staff is appropriately trained, and has timely access to information and needed equipment for mosquito surveillance and control. Slightly more than half of respondents feel they are understaffed. Perceived understaffing may compromise mosquito surveillance and control efforts in some districts.

scholarly journals Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kalaycioglu ◽  
G Korukluoglu ◽  
A Ozkul ◽  
O Oncul ◽  
S Tosun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lower Activity ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Notifiable Diseases ◽  
Routine Surveillance

In 2010, 47 human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, including 12 laboratory-confirmed and 35 probable cases, were identified in Turkey. These were the first cases detected during routine surveillance. The patients were from 15 provinces, mainly located in the western part of the country. Incidence was 0.19/100,000 with a maximum of 1.39 in Sakarya province. Forty of the total 47 cases showed neuroinvasive manifestation. Median age was 58 years with a range of four to 86. Ten of the patients died. Enhanced surveillance in humans and animals and mosquito control measures were implemented. The WNV infections were included in the national notifiable diseases list as of April 2011. In 2011, three probable and two confirmed cases of WNV infection were diagnosed in provinces where infections had been detected in the previous year, supporting a lower activity than 2010. However, detection of WNV infections in humans in 2010 and 2011 consecutively, may indicate that WNV has become endemic in the western part of Turkey. Field epidemiological studies were undertaken to understand more about the nature of infection in Turkey.

Understanding Strategies for Implementing Integrated Information Systems for Rabies Surveillance

2018 ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Anna M. Geofrey ◽  
Maulilio J. Kipanyula ◽  
Kadeghe G. Fue ◽  
Camilius Aloyce Sanga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
State Of Art

Rabies continues to be one of the most perilous viral diseases that affect the nervous system and remains a significant threat to public health across the globe. Available data that show that rabies claims about 59,000 human lives annually. Most industrialized countries have eliminated rabies from domestic dog populations. Conversely, in most of the developing countries, rabies remains endemic in domestic dog populations and poorly controlled. One of the challenges in eradicating rabies in developing countries is attributed to ineffective surveillance systems. Different stakeholders have developed solutions to address this problem without tangible outcomes. Estimation of the economic burden particularly in developing countries is difficult because of the inadequacy of update and reliable surveillance data. Certainly, it is very challenging even to obtain basic information on how many human lives are lost due to rabies and the economics behind preventing the disease amongst those exposed. Up-to-date, official reporting of incidence data on rabies and rabies exposures status remains desperately poor in most canine rabies-endemic countries. Consequently, there is increasingly underestimation of the true burden of the diseases. Worse still data from active surveillance studies highlight the disparities between officially reported and recorded and likely occurring rabies deaths. In some cases, it has been shown that there are higher mortality rates than officially reported data, especially in resource deprived areas. This calls for a need to establish an integrated surveillance system, which allows data to be shared openly among different stakeholders dealing with rabies. The paper presents the state of art of rabies in Tanzania and evaluates the application of ICT in surveillance. It also advocates for a need of a comprehensive approach to addressing the problem. Development and adoption of integrated surveillance systems for rabies and other zoonotic diseases remain a nightmare in many developing countries including Tanzania. This paper calls for the development of an integrated standard mechanism for countries to assess their rabies status and measure progress in eliminating the disease. Such a system will fill the missing link between surveillance and control measures.

The LYMFASIM Simulation Program for Modeling Lymphatic Filariasis and its Control

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Subramanian ◽  
P. K. Das ◽  
W. Souza ◽  
T. Lapa ◽  
A. F. Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract:The LYMFASIM modeling framework for the transmission and control of the tropical parasitic disease lymphatic filariasis is described and its use in the context of an endemic community in north-eastern Brazil is illustrated. Lymphatic filariasis is a disease with a complex natural history with many unknowns. This complicates decision making with respect to control strategies. With LYMFASIM, a variety of hypotheses can be tested about the life history of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, its transmission from man to man through mosquitoes, the role of the immune system in regulating parasite numbers, the development of disease symptoms, and the effects of control measures (drug treatment or mosquito control). The implications of alternative assumptions and uncertainty about the quantification of parameters for the effectiveness of control strategies can be investigated. Thanks to the use of stochastic microsimulation, LYMFASIM is highly flexible and can be adapted and extended as new knowledge emerges.

scholarly journals Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Humans: Control, Surveillance, and the One Health Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Macedo Couto ◽  
Otavio T Ranzani ◽  
Eliseu Alves Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract Zoonotic tuberculosis is a reemerging infectious disease in high-income countries and a neglected one in low- and middle-income countries. Despite major advances in its control as a result of milk pasteurization, its global burden is unknown, especially due the lack of surveillance data. Additionally, very little is known about control strategies. The purpose of this review was to contextualize the current knowledge about the epidemiology of zoonotic tuberculosis and to describe the available evidence regarding surveillance and control strategies in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. We conducted this review enriched by a One Health perspective, encompassing its inherent multifaceted characteristics. We found that the burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is likely to be underreported worldwide, with higher incidence in low-income countries, where the surveillance systems are even more fragile. Together with the lack of specific political commitment, surveillance data is affected by lack of a case definition and limitations of diagnostic methods. Control measures were dependent on risk factors and varied greatly between countries. This review supports the claim that a One Health approach is the most valuable concept to build capable surveillance systems, resulting in effective control measures. The disease characteristics and suggestions to implement surveillance and control programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Environment friendly management of mosquito: a short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Riaz ◽  
A Riaz ◽  
B Ijaz ◽  
MS Rasool ◽  
S Rahat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Bacillus Sphaericus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis ◽  
Dragonfly Nymph ◽  
Larvivorous Fish ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Control

Despite the large scale use of insecticides, capacity building, municipality, community and metropolis awareness, and preventive measures to counter vector borne diseases which are mounting day-by-day, new tools are now been introducing to prevent the spread of mosquito transmitted diseases. The low efficacy status of chemical pesticides have lead to the interest of researchers in search of fresh and even more practicable vector control methodologies to be applied. In this regards, multiple alternatives have been monitoring to develop control practice measures for the eradication, observation and control of mosquitoes at larval level by the use of a sustainable biological monitoring and control by an ordinary constructive predator, to exercise monitoring and practical control measures over parasites at larval stages in environmental and eco-friendly techniques. In particular, bio-control measures to monitor and control practical practices, context predatory larvivorous fish, dragonfly nymph, frogs, copepods, turtle, Entomopathogenic bacillus, Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis are beings tried in different regions of world. The available research on the subject recommends that there exist multiple direct and indirect growth factors that could play a dynamic role in prey and predator’s survival. Species controphic that have an impact on concerned eco-relation reflect significant effect. In addition to this, certain eco-relations represent positive stimuli for the control of vector borne viral diseases. As a bio-control achieving feasible agent for vector monitoring, pointing, management and control predatory larvivorous fish, dragonfly nymph, frogs, copepods, turtle, Entomopathogenic bacillus, Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis are not only considered as a liberated intervention for disease vector control of practices and mechanical control cost deterrents as well. Further research has been suggested on the subject so as to find out even more practicable and effective mosquito monitoring and practical control practices.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 169-178, 2018

scholarly journals PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR NYAMUK AEDES AEGYPTI DI RUMAH SAKIT KOTA SURABAYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Ekalina Atikasari ◽  
Lilis Sulistyorini
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Control

Vector control is an approach using the basic principles of management and consideration of disease transmission and control. The purpose of vector control is to reduce vector breeding habitats, reduce vector density, inhibit disease transmission, reduce human contact with vectors so that vector-borne disease transmission can be controlled more rationally, effectively and efficiently. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti mosquito control vector in a hospital in Surabaya. The Control carried out by the Hospital is to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by installing Ovitrap, Thermal Fogging, Cold Fogging and Spraying. The type of analysis used is descriptive observational. Data collection was carried out in February of 2017 at K3 unit and Environmental Health of Surabaya Hospital. The data used are hospital pest and rodent control report, secondary data aboutnumber of mosquito, number of larvae and number of Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs obtained from unit of K3 and Environmental Health. The conclusions for the hospital are: (1) always report the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector routine every months; (2) eradicating mosquitoes in difficult places such as patient and dense populated areas; (3) based on Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 374 / MENKES / PER / III / 2010 concerning Vector Control four of the six tools used in the Hospital have been used

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue fever and its prevention and control measures in urban slums of South India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 3013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadervali Nagoor ◽  
Surendra Babu D. ◽  
Bayapa Reddy N. ◽  
Shakeer Kahn ◽  
Reddy Jawaharbasha Kalluri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Background: Dengue fever (DF) is a viral infection carried by Aedesaegypti. Dengue is one of the major public health concerns and an emergent disease and contributes annual outbreaks in India. The aims and objectives of the study were to know the levels of knowledge regarding causation and modes of transmission Dengue fever in urban slums of Chittoor and to know the levels of awareness and practices regarding the prevention and control measures against dengue fever.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done in urban slums of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh. The data from the family members residing in 100 households of urban slums were randomly selected from the list and interviewed individually. Apart from education and occupation of the participants, information on knowledge about Dengue fever, preventive practices are taken. The results were shown in proportions, percentage and association of the knowledge attitude and practices with the different factors.Results: Over all 100 (males 57 and females 43) people were interviewed with the mean age of 34.5 years. Almost 68% of the individuals knew mosquito causes vector borne diseases irrespective of their educational status and majority of them were daily wagers. Amongst them more than 70% of them were using protective measures. Majority of them responded the probable breeding sites were plastic pots, muddy pots and vessels (38%). The most commonly using protective measures were mosquito repellants (33%) and coils (19%). More than 90% of the individual visit the hospital for health seeking.Conclusions: The awareness regarding dengue and mosquito control measures was satisfactory to an extent. Surveillance along with periodic health education to the community and proper training of health personnel is required.

scholarly journals Rescuing Troves of Data to Tackle Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S.C. Rund ◽  
Micaela Elvira Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, every year more than a billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases worldwide. There are no vaccines for most vector-borne diseases. Vector control, therefore, is often the only way to prevent outbreaks. Despite the major impact of vectors on human health, knowledge gaps exist regarding their natural population dynamics. Even the most basic information—such as spatiotemporal abundance— is not available. Mosquitoes transmit malaria and the viruses causing Yellow Fever, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in the Americas. The Americas have a long history of mosquito control efforts, including the unsustained but successful Aedes aegypti eradication initiative. In the US, municipalities have independently created agencies for mosquito control and monitoring. We propose that the ensemble of US mosquito control agencies can, and should, be used to develop a national—and potentially international—system for Cross-Scale Vector Monitoring and Control (CSVMaC), in which local level monitoring and control efforts are cross-linked by unified real-time data streaming to build the data capital needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of vector population dynamics. Vectors, and the pathogens they transmit, know no jurisdictions. The vision of CSVMaC is, therefore, to provide data for (i) the general study of mosquito ecology and (ii) to inform vector control during epidemics/outbreaks that impact multiple jurisdictions (i.e., counties, states, etc.). We reveal >1000 mosquito control agencies in the US with enormous troves of data that are hidden among many data silos. For CSVMaC, we propose the creation of a nationally-coordinated open-access database to collate mosquito data. The database would provide scientific and public health communities with highly resolved spatiotemporal data on arboviral disease vectors, empowering new interventions and insights while leveraging pre-existing human efforts, operational infrastructure, and investments already funded by taxpayers.

Surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes in and around International Airport, Kerala - Assessment of vector control efforts

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
R. Rajendran ◽  
K. Regu ◽  
S. B. Anusree ◽  
W. Tamizharasu ◽  
Anila Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
International Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
And Control

Vector-borne Diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika virus and yellow fever are reported in over 100 countries and put up to 60% of the world’s population at risk of infection; more than 500 million cases are reported each year. The International Health Regulations (IHR) emphasizes to look after international seaports/airports and surrounding areas up to 400 meters free of Aedes aegypti mosquito and other vectors of epidemiological significance. Vector surveillance and control at Port of Entry (PoE) is an essential activity for the implementation of IHR. Hence Entomological surveillance was done inside and the residential areas around Cochin International Airport during 2013 to 2019. Aedes larval indices in both inside and residential areas outside the airport were found to be below the critical level in all these years. However the study showed no Aedes positivity inside the airport during 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Effectiveness of vector control measures implemented in and around the airport is deliberated.

scholarly journals International travelers and genomics uncover a ‘hidden’ Zika outbreak

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Grubaugh ◽  
Sharada Saraf ◽  
Karthik Gangavarapu ◽  
Alexander Watts ◽  
Amanda L. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Peak Transmission ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe ongoing Zika epidemic in the Americas has challenged public health surveillance, response, and control systems. Even as the epidemic appears to be near its end in the Americas, it is unclear whether substantial Zika virus transmission may still be ongoing. This issue is exacerbated by large discrepancies in local case reporting and significant delays in detecting outbreaks due to surveillance gaps. To uncover locations with lingering outbreaks in the Americas, we investigated travel-associated Zika cases diagnosed in the United States and Europe to identify signatures of transmission dynamics that were not captured by local reporting. We found that a large and unreported Zika outbreak occurred in Cuba during 2017, a year after peak transmission in neighboring countries, with cases still appearing in 2018. By sequencing Zika virus from infected travelers, we show that the 2017 outbreak in Cuba was sparked by long-lived lineages of Zika virus introduced from multiple places in the Americas a year prior. Our data suggest that while aggressive mosquito control in Cuba may initially have been effective at mitigating Zika virus transmission, in the absence of vaccines, herd immunity, or strong international coordination, such control measures may need to be maintained to be effective. Our study highlights how Zika virus may still be ‘silently’ spreading in the Americas and provides a framework for more accurately understanding outbreak dynamics.

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