scholarly journals Predator identity and forage availability affect predation risk of juvenile black-tailed deer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tavis D. Forrester ◽  
Heiko U. Wittmer
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Predator Identity

Evaluating trade-offs between forage, biting flies, and footing on habitat selection by wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
R.J. Belanger ◽  
M.A. Edwards ◽  
L.N. Carbyn ◽  
S.E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wood Bison ◽  
Insect Harassment ◽  
Biting Fly

Habitat selection is a behavioural process that ultimately affects animal fitness. Forage availability and predation risk are often studied in the context of habitat selection for large ungulates, while other biological and environmental factors such as insect harassment and footing are less studied. Here we examine trade-offs in summer habitat selection between forage availability for wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads, 1898) with that of biting-fly harassment and soil firmness, which affects activity budgets and predation risk, respectively, and contrast this to winter when flies are absent and soils frozen. Using path analysis, we demonstrate that graminoid availability was not related to habitat selection in summer, but was positively related to habitat selection in winter. Habitat selection in summer was negatively related to biting-fly abundance and positively related to firmer footing. Our results suggest that bison observe trade-offs in summer between maximizing forage intake and minimizing harassment from that of biting flies, while avoiding areas of soft substrates that affect locomotion and vulnerability to predators. In contrast, during the winter, bison focus on areas with greater graminoid availability. Although forage is a key aspect of habitat selection, our results illustrate the importance of considering direct and indirect effects of multiple biological and environmental factors related to ungulate habitat selection.

Predation-risk effects of predator identity on the foraging behaviors of frugivorous bats

Oecologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. B. Breviglieri ◽  
G. C. O. Piccoli ◽  
W. Uieda ◽  
G. Q. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Risk Effects ◽  
Predator Identity

Elevated nest predation risk promotes offspring size variation in birds with prolonged parental care.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
Risk Spreading

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.

Forage Availability and Body Condition Affect Intake of Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) by Grazing Cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lopez-Ortiz ◽  
J.A. Pfister ◽  
K.L. Launchbaugh ◽  
C.C. Gay
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Grazing Cattle
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