scholarly journals Evidence for an additive effect of hunting mortality in an alpine black grouse Lyrurus tetrix population

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklaus Zbinden ◽  
Marco Salvioni ◽  
Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt ◽  
Verena Keller
Keyword(s):  
Additive Effect ◽  
Black Grouse ◽  
Hunting Mortality

scholarly journals 1597. Ceftolozane-Tazobactam and Meropenem Synergy Testing Against Multi-Drug and Extensively-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S794-S795
Author(s):  
Mary Francine P Chua ◽  
Syeda Sara Nida ◽  
Jerry Lawhorn ◽  
Janak Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Synergy Testing ◽  
Concentration Indices

Abstract Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) have limited therapeutic options for treatment. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a newer anti-pseudomonal drug effective against resistant PA infections, however resistance against this drug has now also developed and is increasing. In this study, we explored the combination of ceftolozane/tazobactam (CT) and meropenem (MP) as a possible effective regimen against MDR and XDR PA. Methods We obtained 33 non-duplicate isolates of MDR and XDR PA grown from blood, urine and respiratory samples collected from patients admitted between 2015 and 2019 at our two affiliate teaching hospitals. MDR PA was defined as resistance to 3 or more classes of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics, and XDR PA as resistance to all but two or less classes of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Antimicrobial preparations of both MP and CT were made according to manufacturer instructions. Susceptibility testing was performed using the checkerboard method in accordance to CLSI guidelines (CLSI M100, 2017). The ATCC 27853 strain of PA used as control. Synergy, additive effect, indifference and antagonism were defined as FIC (fractional inhibitory concentration) indices of ≤0.5, >0.5 to <1, >1 to <4, and >4, respectively. Results Thirteen (39%) of 33 PA isolates were classified as XDR, while 20 (61%) PA isolates were MDR. All isolates were resistant to MP (MIC50 >32 ug/mL), while only 2 (6%) isolates were susceptible to CT (MIC50 64 ug/mL). A synergistic effect was seen in 9 (27.3%) of PA isolates (FIC index range 0.28 to 0.5)— 2 of which were XDR PA, and 7 were MDR PA. An additive effect was seen in 12 (36.4%), with indifference seen in 12 (36.4%) of isolates. In this study, no antagonism was seen when CT and MP were combined. Conclusion When used in combination, CT and MP can exert a synergistic effect against MDR and XDR PA. Additive effect and indifference can also be seen when both antibiotics were used. Moreover, there was no antagonism seen when both antibiotics were combined. This study shows that the use of CT and MP in combination may be an option against XDR and MDR PA infections. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals GENETIC ANALYSES OF HEAT-SENSITVE PAWN MUTANTS OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Sheng-Yung Chang ◽  
Ching Kung
Keyword(s):  
Additive Effect ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Physiological Research

ABSTRACT Heat-sensitive Pawn (ts Pawns) of Paramecium aurelia behaved normally when grown at 23° but failed to avoid strong stimuli at 35°. Four of the five ts Pawn lines tested were found to be allelic at a locus known also to carry temperature-independent Pawn mutations. The fifth ts Pawn line complemented all the conditional and unconditional Pawn mutants of the two known loci. This result, together with the patterns of F2 segregation from various crosses, suggested the existence of a third Pawn locus. An additive effect of the unlinked ts Pawn genes was observed. These findings and the significance of ts Pawns as experimental material in behavioral and physiological research are discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic Architecture of a Morphological Shape Difference Between Two Drosophila Species

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Bang Zeng ◽  
Jianjun Liu ◽  
Lynn F Stam ◽  
Chen-Hung Kao ◽  
John M Mercer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interval Mapping ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Interspecific Difference ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Complete Dominance ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trait Locus

AbstractThe size and shape of the posterior lobe of the male genital arch differs dramatically between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana. This difference can be quantified with a morphometric descriptor (PC1) based on elliptical Fourier and principal components analyses. The genetic basis of the interspecific difference in PC1 was investigated by the application of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping procedures to segregating backcross populations. The parental difference (35 environmental standard deviations) and the heritability of PC1 in backcross populations (>90%) are both very large. The use of multiple interval mapping gives evidence for 19 different QTL. The greatest additive effect estimate accounts for 11.4% of the parental difference but could represent multiple closely linked QTL. Dominance parameter estimates vary among loci from essentially no dominance to complete dominance, and mauritiana alleles tend to be dominant over simulans alleles. Epistasis appears to be relatively unimportant as a source of variation. All but one of the additive effect estimates have the same sign, which means that one species has nearly all plus alleles and the other nearly all minus alleles. This result is unexpected under many evolutionary scenarios and suggests a history of strong directional selection acting on the posterior lobe.

scholarly journals Effect of wing scalloping mutations on cut expression and sense organ differentiation in the Drosophila wing margin.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Jack ◽  
Y DeLotto
Keyword(s):  
Sense Organ ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Mutant Phenotype ◽  
Wing Margin ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Organ Differentiation ◽  
Notch Activity ◽  
Neural Fate ◽  
Drosophila Wing

Abstract A number of wing scalloping mutations have been examined to determine their effects on the mutant phenotype of cut mutations and on the expression of the Cut protein. The mutations fall into two broad classes, those which interact synergistically with weak cut wing mutations to produce a more extreme wing phenotype than either mutation alone and those that have a simple additive effect with weak cut wing mutations. The synergistically interacting mutations are alleles of the Notch, Serrate and scalloped genes. These mutations affect development of the wing margin in a manner similar to the cut wing mutations. The mutations inactivate the cut transcriptional enhancer for the wing margin mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles and prevent differentiation of the organs. Surprisingly, reduction of Notch activity in the wing margin does not have the effect of converting epidermal cells to a neural fate as it does in other tissues of ectodermal origin. Rather, it prevents the differentiation of the wing margin mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles.

Coping with childhood maltreatment: Avoidance and eating disorder symptoms

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532093706
Author(s):  
Diane L Rosenbaum ◽  
Kamila S White ◽  
Tiffany M Artime
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Avoidant Coping ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adaptive Coping ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Coping Patterns

Childhood maltreatment is associated with eating disorder symptoms; however, the nature of this association is unclear. We found those who experienced childhood maltreatment had higher avoidant coping and eating disorder symptoms. We also found an additive effect for maltreatment, such that with more types of maltreatment experienced, avoidant coping and eating disorder symptoms were greater. We also found evidence of an indirect effect such that childhood maltreatment was related to eating disorder symptoms through avoidant coping. Future research is needed to better understand factors that may promote development of adaptive coping patterns and prevention of eating disorder symptoms.

Constraint weighting and constraint domination: a formal comparison

Phonology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
The Cross

The advent of Optimality Theory has revived the interest in articulatorily and perceptually driven markedness in phonological research. To some researchers, the cross-linguistic prevalence of such markedness relations is indication that synchronic phonological grammar should include phonetic details. However, there are at least two distinct ways in which phonetics can be incorporated in an optimality-theoretic grammar: traditional constraint domination and Flemming (2001) 's proposal that the costs of constraint violations should be weighted and summed. I argue that constraint weighting is unnecessary as an innovation in Optimality Theory. The arguments are twofold. First, using constraint families with intrinsic rankings, constraint domination formally predicts the same range of phonological realisations as constraint weighting. Second, with proper constraint definitions and rankings, both the additive effect and the locus effect predicted by constraint weighting can be replicated in constraint domination.

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