scholarly journals Obesity: Ethnic and Regional Differences in the Diet and Gut Microbiota (Review)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Evgeniya A. Novikova ◽  
Tatyana A. Bairova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
High Weight Gain ◽  
The Impact

Problems of obesity, nutrition and microbiota are discussed in this review. In a world of constant economic and cultural changes traditional diet is being replaced by western diet, rich in free sugars, saturated fats, salt, and characterized by increased average daily dietary energy consumption intake. Such «western-style» diet is associated with high weight gain, leading to metabolic disorders, namely diet-related obesity, which is rapidly increasing globally. The impact of ethnicity to the development of obesity as inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic differences in dietary habits is showed. Dietary habits of different countries, including ethnic minorities, provide a specific pattern of gut microbiota and microbiome. In the context of globalization, international migration and rapid urbanization, changes in dietary habits occurred without proper adaptation of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays the fundamental role in regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders due to making metabolites for normal human development, therefore gut microbiota dysbiosis may lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity. The review shows actual worldwide data of evolution of adult obesity over time, dietary energy consumption in different country and different climatic regions. It analyzes changes in gut microbiota composition depending on traditional or western diet, and on nationality and race.

scholarly journals Review on Urban Heat Island in China: Methods, Its Impact on Buildings Energy Demand and Mitigation Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Liu Tian ◽  
Yongcai Li ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Jue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Building Energy Consumption ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

High population density, dense high-rise buildings, and impervious pavements increase the vulnerability of cities, which aggravate the urban climate environment characterized by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Cities in China provide unique information on the UHI phenomenon because they have experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic development, which have had a great influence on the climate in recent decades. This paper provides a review of recent research on the methods and impacts of UHI on building energy consumption, and the practical techniques that can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of UHI in China. The impact of UHI on building energy consumption depends largely on the local microclimate, the urban area features where the building is located, and the type and characteristics of the building. In the urban areas dominated by air conditioning, UHI could result in an approximately 10–16% increase in cooling energy consumption. Besides, the potential negative effects of UHI can be prevented from China in many ways, such as urban greening, cool material, water bodies, urban ventilation, etc. These strategies could have a substantial impact on the overall urban thermal environment if they can be used in the project design stage of urban planning and implemented on a large scale. Therefore, this study is useful to deepen the understanding of the physical mechanisms of UHI and provide practical approaches to fight the UHI for the urban planners, public health officials, and city decision-makers in China.

scholarly journals The Microbiotic Highway to Health—New Perspective on Food Structure, Gut Microbiota, and Host Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hansen ◽  
Anette Sams
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Food Structure ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

This review provides evidence that not only the content of nutrients but indeed the structural organization of nutrients is a major determinant of human health. The gut microbiota provides nutrients for the host by digesting food structures otherwise indigestible by human enzymes, thereby simultaneously harvesting energy and delivering nutrients and metabolites for the nutritional and biological benefit of the host. Microbiota-derived nutrients, metabolites, and antigens promote the development and function of the host immune system both directly by activating cells of the adaptive and innate immune system and indirectly by sustaining release of monosaccharides, stimulating intestinal receptors and secreting gut hormones. Multiple indirect microbiota-dependent biological responses contribute to glucose homeostasis, which prevents hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory conditions. The composition and function of the gut microbiota vary between individuals and whereas dietary habits influence the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota influences both the nutritional and biological homeostasis of the host. A healthy gut microbiota requires the presence of beneficial microbiotic species as well as vital food structures to ensure appropriate feeding of the microbiota. This review focuses on the impact of plant-based food structures, the “fiber-encapsulated nutrient formulation”, and on the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participate in host immune function.

scholarly journals Impact of outdoor nature-related activities on gut microbiota, fecal serotonin, and perceived stress in preschool children: the Play&Grow randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Sobko ◽  
Suisha Liang ◽  
Will H. G. Cheng ◽  
Hein M. Tun
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Serotonin Level ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Connectedness To Nature ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDue to rapid urbanization, children today have fewer opportunities to interact with nature and this may result in a greater risk for developing stress and depression. Outdoor nature-related activities can enhance general well-being. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully delineated. Here we recruited 54 preschool children to participate in a 10-week structured nature-related “Play&Grow” program. Following the intervention, children were assessed for connectedness to nature and perceived stress levels using validated questionnaires. Moreover, fecal serotonin level and gut microbiota profiles were measured by ELISA and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, respectively. Children were significantly more connected to nature after the intervention. Their gut microbiota altered, especially by modulating the abundance of Roseburia and the fecal-serotonin level. Moreover, we also observed a reduction in the overall perceived stress, particularly in the frequency of anger among these children. This study is the first to demonstrate the impact of nature-related activities on gut microbiota, fecal serotonin and psychosocial behaviour of preschool children. However, further mechanistic studies are needed to confirm the functional role of gut microbiota in the association between connectedness to nature and improved psychosocial behavior.

scholarly journals Detangling Diet from Obesity Effects on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Parameters Using a Non-Human Primate Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1583-1583
Author(s):  
Carol Shively ◽  
Kenysha Clear ◽  
Katherine Cook
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Objectives Poor diet and obesity often go hand-in-hand and are difficult to discern which variable is the major driver of the gut microbiome. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of obesity within dietary exposures on the gut microbiome and metabolic parameters using a non-human primate model. Methods Female M. fasicularis monkeys were fed a Western or Mediterranean diet for 2.5 years. We performed metagenomics sequencing on fecal samples obtained at 26 months. DNA was isolated from feces using Qiagen PowerSoil DNA extraction kit and metagenomics sequencing was performed for multikingdom microbiome analysis. DEXA scans for body adiposity and metabolic profiling were measured in each subject before the end of the study. Subjects were grouped by body fat composition (Lean (≤10% body fat) or Overweight/Obese (≥20% body fat)) and the impact of diet and adiposity was determine on the gut microbiome. Gut microbiota populations were correlated with metabolic parameters. Results Diet is the main determinant on gut microbiome α-diversity. Obesity had no significant outcome on Shannon diversity. Obesity within each dietary pattern can influence certain gut microbes. Lean Mediterranean diet-fed animals had significantly higher L. animals and C. comes that overweight animals fed the same diet. Obese Western diet-fed animals displayed elevated proportional abundance of S. infantarius and R. chanpaneliensis that lean Western diet-fed animals. Independent of adiposity, Western diet consumption lead to two distinct microbiome populations; P. copri high and P. copri low. P. copriHIGH displayed reduced α-diversity, increased abundance of other Prevotella species (P. stercorea, P. brevis, and P. bryantii), and increased F. prausnitzii. P. copri negatively correlated with α-diversity. P. copriLOW displayed increased proportional abundance of E. siraeum. Gut E. siraeum populations positively correlated with plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusions Our data indicates that diet is a potent regulator of the gut microbiome, while body adiposity can subtly shift specific gut microbiota taxa within subjects fed a specific dietary pattern. Moreover, our data indicates at a sub-group of metabolically healthier subjects on a Western diet characterized by low P. copri microbiota abundance. Funding Sources NIH and DOD BCRP.

scholarly journals Half-Elemental Diet Shifts the Human Intestinal Bacterial Compositions and Metabolites: A Pilot Study with Healthy Individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jun Miyoshi ◽  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Mio Nakamura ◽  
Miki Miura ◽  
Tatsuya Mitsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Elemental Diet ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Point

Background and Aim. Half-elemental diet (ED) (900 kcal/day of ED) has clinical efficacy to treat Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the underlying mechanisms of how the ED exerts its efficacy remain unclear. Alterations of the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have been reported to play a role in CD pathogenesis. Many variables including diet affect the gut microbiota. We hypothesized that half-ED has the potential to change the gut microbiota composition and functions leading to anti-inflammatory actions. Given that inflammation can be a confounding factor affecting the intestinal microbiota, we aimed to test our hypothesis among healthy individuals in this pilot study. Methods. This prospective study included four healthy volunteers. The subjects continued their dietary habits for 2 weeks after the registration of the study and then started half-ED replacing 900 kcal of the regular diet with ED (time point 1, T1). The subjects continued half-ED for 2 weeks (T2). After the withdrawal of ED, subjects resumed their original dietary habits for 2 weeks (T3). Fecal samples were collected from all subjects at all time points, T1-3. Fecal DNA and metabolites were extracted from the samples. We performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomic analysis to examine the bacterial compositions and intestinal metabolites. Results. There were differences in the gut bacterial compositions and metabolites at each time point as well as overtime changing patterns between subjects. Several bacteria and metabolites including short-chain fatty acids and bile acids altered significantly across the subjects. The bacterial membership and intestinal metabolites at T3 were different from T1 in all subjects. Conclusions. Half-ED shifts the gut bacterial compositions and metabolites. The changes varied with each individual, while some microbes and metabolites change commonly across individuals. The impact of half-ED may persist even after the withdrawal. This trial is registered with UMIN ID: 000031920.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, in the Halfway between Nutrition and Lung Function

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1716
Author(s):  
Christophe Espírito Santo ◽  
Catarina Caseiro ◽  
Maria João Martins ◽  
Rosário Monteiro ◽  
Inês Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Both microbial-derived components and produced metabolites elicit the activation of downstream cascades capable to modulate both local and systemic immune responses. A balance between host and gut microbiota is crucial to keep a healthy intestinal barrier and an optimal immune homeostasis, thus contributing to prevent disease occurrence. How dietary habits can impact gut microbiota and, ultimately, host immunity in health and disease has been the subject of intense study, especially with regard to metabolic diseases. Only recently, these links have started to be explored in relation to lung diseases. The objective of this review is to address the current knowledge on how diet affects gut microbiota and how it acts on lung function. As the immune system seems to be the key player in the cross-talk between diet, gut microbiota and the lungs, involved immune interactions are discussed. There are key nutrients that, when present in our diet, help in gut homeostasis and lead to a healthier lifestyle, even ameliorating chronic diseases. Thus, with this review we hope to incite the scientific community interest to use diet as a valuable non-pharmacological addition to lung diseases management. First, we talk about the intestinal microbiota and interactions through the intestinal barrier for a better understanding of the following sections, which are the main focus of this article: the way diet impacts the intestinal microbiota and the immune interactions of the gut–lung axis that can explain the impact of diet, a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.

scholarly journals Intermittent fasting - a potential approach to modulate the gut microbiota in humans? A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kate Llewellyn-Waters ◽  
Mohammad M. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Research on gut microbiota has increased in popularity over the past decade, with evidence associating different dietary habits with changes in the makeup of the rich ecosystem of microorganisms that performs a variety of functions and induces a range of health effects, within and well beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Similarly, intermittent fasting (IF), an umbrella term describing various regimens of periods of voluntary abstinence from food and drink, has classically been associated with favourable impacts on cardiovascular risk factors, body weight, circadian biology, and, more recently, the gut health..The objective of this PRISMA systematic review was to summarize the peer-reviewed literature of clinical trials related to the impact of IF regimens on the gut microbiota. A MEDLINE search was conducted using PubMed and the keywords “intermittent fasting”, “gut microbiota”, “microbes”, and others. Whilst the field is still in its infancy, an emerging body of evidence suggests beneficial effects of IF on the health of the gut through increasing the microbial diversity and abundance, with possible clinical implications related to improving the immune function and ameliorating the metabolic status. Further research in larger clinical trials is warranted before practical recommendations for the public health can be made.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Dynamic Working Environment on Human Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Ling ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Qianlong Meng ◽  
Ziran Zhang ◽  
Wenkun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Train Drivers ◽  
The Impact

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with a variety of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), metabolic diseases, allergic diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. The human gut microbiota can be influenced by a variety of factors, including geography, dietary habits, living environment, age and altered lifestyle etc. This study was conducted to explore the gut microbiota compositions in officials who are in a stable working environment and train drivers who are in a dynamic working environment. Microbiota communities in the feces of 80 officials and 88 train drivers were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and ITS1 region of fungi. There were significant differences between the two groups in diversity and richness of gut microbiota, while the microbial community compositions of the two groups were similar. The relationship between gut microbiota and clinical characteristics was investigated. We found that more bacteria and fungi were positively correlated with clinical characteristics. Functional prediction analysis of the gut microbiota between the two groups by PICRUSt2 revealed significant differences between the official group and the train driver group. Elucidating these differences of the microbiome between the two groups will provide a foundation understanding of the impact of a dynamic environment on gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Initial Sequencing and Characterization of Gastrointestinal and Oral Microbiota in Urban Pakistani Adults Reveals Abnormally High Levels of Potentially Starch Metabolizing Bacteria in the General Population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Batool ◽  
Syed Baqir Ali ◽  
Ali Jaan ◽  
Kehkishan Khalid ◽  
Syeda Aba Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Early Career ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTWe describe the characterization of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) and oral microbiota (bacteria) in 32 urban Pakistani adults representing seven major geographies and six ethnicities in the country. Study participants were between ages 18 and 40, had body mass index between 18 and 25 Kg/m2, and were early-career students or professionals belonging to 25 major cities of the country. These individuals donated a total of 61 samples (32 gut and 29 oral) that were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. Microbiome composition of Pakistani individuals was compared against the uBiome database of selected individuals who self-reported to be in excellent health. Using the crude measure of percentage overlap or similarity between the gut microbiota profile of Pakistani and uBiome dataset as proxy for health, our sequencing indicated that the Pakistani gut microbiota was moderately healthy relative to the uBiome dataset and Pakistani women appeared healthier relative to men. The Pakistani gut microbiome seemed susceptible to obesity and weight gain, levels of probiotics was very high likely due to the popularity of milk-based and fermented foods in the Pakistani diet, and bacteria that metabolize starch and carbohydrates (typically seen in the gut microbiota of honey bee) were abnormally enriched in the gut of Pakistani men. Our investigations reveal serious issues with the dietary habits and lifestyle of Pakistani individuals of consuming food enriched in high carbohydrates and fats, overcooked in oil and spices, following a sedentary lifestyle, little or no daily intake of fresh fruits, over-consumption of antibiotics from a very early age, and health and hygiene standards that do not meet international standards. Our sequencing is the first step towards generating a country-wide understanding of the impact of the local diet and lifestyle on Pakistani gut microbiota and can help understand its overall association with health and wellness.

Impact of Urbanization and Dietary Patterns on Development of Colorectal Cancer in Indian Population – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Sushmitha Sriramulu ◽  
Sarubala Malayaperumal ◽  
Babu Kumar ◽  
Surajit Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization, described as social development, benefits the human population if it is well planned. India contributes major distinctive facets of urbanization which is developing at remarkable rates. The regional distribution of population in India is irregular as only six large states are responsible for half of the urban populaces. India is also known for its different cultures, languages and food habits. Owing to the region-specific food habits, rice is cultivated widely and gives a better yield than the other grains. Pulses that are rich in protein are the next eminent source for people. One of the crucial underlying problems is people give more importance to the taste than nutritional value. As a consequence, immense counts of individuals who can manage to devour a healthy diet do not do so and instances of severe deficiency and malnutrition and certain other gut-associated diseases are seen. Colorectal cancer, which is the most prevailing cancer around the globe, is the major cause of cancer-associated mortality in developing countries. High-fat diet like animal fat that favors the growth of unwanted bacterial flora is the chief threat for colorectal cancer. It is well known that urbanization has fetched several modifications in the lifestyle and food habits which successively enhanced the threat of various diseases. Hence in this review, we focused mainly on the impact of rapid urbanization and other lifestyle and dietary habits on the development of colorectal cancer in India.

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