scholarly journals Technological Displacement and the Duty to Increase Living Standards: from Left to Right

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Nye
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Technological Displacement

Many economists have argued convincingly that automated systems employing present-day artificial intelligence have already caused massive technological displacement, which has led to stagnant real wages, fewer middle- income jobs, and increased economic inequality in developed countries like Canada and the United States. To address this problem various individuals have proposed measures to increase workers’ living standards, including the adoption of a universal basic income, increased public investment in education, increased minimum wages, increased worker control of firms, and investment in a Green New Deal that will provide substantial employment in transitioning to green energy, buildings, and agriculture. In this paper I argue that both left-wing and right-wing positions in political philosophy, such as John Rawls’s Justice as Fairness and Robert Nozick’s Entitlement Theory, are committed to the conclusion that we should take political action to counteract the effects of technological displacement by undertaking such measures to increase workers’ living standards.

America’s Great Decoupling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Main Factor

This chapter sets out the significant extent to which the fruits of economic growth since the late 1970s have gone to the very top of the income distribution in the case of the United States. There has been little growth in real wages and incomes for most households, with dual earning being the main source of any such increase. The chapter identifies the growth in incomes at the very top as the main factor accounting for stagnation across the rest of the distribution, and discussed the range of channels through which this relationship operates, more and less directly. It also discusses broader debates about the extent to which real incomes are likely to reflect changes in living standards, and concludes that, while not telling the whole story, they remain central.

At Home and Abroad. By Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. Pp. xi, 314. $34.95.

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
Andrew Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Developed World

In the 1970s the United States had far higher wages than the rest of the developed world; 1979–1981 median weakly earnings of men in full-time employment were $609 in 1998 prices, compared to an average of $419 across six other developed countries. However, the United States also had a higher unemployment rate; in 1973 it was 4.8 percent compared to an average of 2.1 percent in 11 other countries. Fast forward two decades. Median real wages in the United States, although still higher than in the other countries, had fallen 5.5 percent whereas in the other countries they had increased an average of 22.6 percent. However, whereas the unemployment rate in the United States fell slightly over the period, it skyrocketed in most of the other countries, averaging 8.2 percent in the European Union in 1999. By the late 1990s the United States also differed from the rest of the developed world in a number of other labor-market outcomes. The U.S. had: a lower average duration of unemployment and less prevalent long-term unemployment, higher labor-force participation rates among both men and women, longer average hours of work over the course of the year, and greater earnings inequality.

scholarly journals THE LINK BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY AND LABOUR SHARE – THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND SLOVENIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borce Trenovski ◽  
Kristijan Kozeski ◽  
Gunter Merdzan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Labour Income ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
Labour Share ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Global Trend

The large divergence between productivity and workers’ incomes has been becoming a reality in most countries, not just in the United States after 1980s, where labour productivity grew faster than real wages and employment. The breakdown according to Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014) is due to technological progress, according to Bivens and Mishel (2015) the growing inequality and according to Baker (2007) the declining labour share in GDP. The main goal of this paper is to find out if the global trend of “The Great Decoupling” between productivity and labour share is a real process in the case of the countries analyzed from the Southeast Europe region. Given that Slovenia is among the most developed countries, while North Macedonia belongs to the group of developing countries that in these stages of development rely on foreign capital and cheap labour, we examine whether the process of “The Great Decoupling” between productivity and labour share is a reality in both countries. From the analysis of the trend of the movement of the average labour productivity of these two countries, it can be concluded that in both countries there is a trajectory of the movement of the labour productivity. Also, from the trend of the movement of the share of labour income and labour productivity in the case of Slovenia and North Macedonia it can be concluded that they indicate the existence of a large gap, i.e. divergence in the trajectory of motion. Also, the gap between labour productivity and the share of labour income in GDP on the example of North Macedonia, if compared to the example of Slovenia is of lower intensity. Finally, based on the results obtained from the conducted econometric analysis, we determine whether there is a need for further research or the phenomenon is a temporary deviation in the dynamics of the gap between labour share and labour productivity.

The Washington Consensus, liberal ideas and terms of the military-technological policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2123
Author(s):  
V.L. Gladyshevskii ◽  
E.V. Gorgola ◽  
D.V. Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
The Military

Subject. In the twentieth century, the most developed countries formed a permanent military economy represented by military-industrial complexes, which began to perform almost a system-forming role in national economies, acting as the basis for ensuring national security, and being an independent military and political force. The United States is pursuing a pronounced militaristic policy, has almost begun to unleash a new "cold war" against Russia and to unwind the arms race, on the one hand, trying to exhaust the enemy's economy, on the other hand, to reindustrialize its own economy, relying on the military-industrial complex. Objectives. We examine the evolution, main features and operational distinctions of the military-industrial complex of the United States and that of the Russian Federation, revealing sources of their military-technological and military-economic advancement in comparison with other countries. Methods. The study uses military-economic analysis, scientific and methodological apparatus of modern institutionalism. Results. Regulating the national economy and constant monitoring of budget financing contribute to the rise of military production, especially in the context of austerity and crisis phenomena, which, in particular, justifies the irrelevance of institutionalists' conclusions about increasing transaction costs and intensifying centralization in the industrial production management with respect to to the military-industrial complex. Conclusions. Proving to be much more efficient, the domestic military-industrial complex, without having such access to finance as the U.S. military monopolies, should certainly evolve and progress, strengthening the coordination, manageability, planning, maximum cost reduction, increasing labor productivity, and implementing an internal quality system with the active involvement of the State and its resources.

Political bullshit receptivity and its correlates: a cross-cultural validation of the concept

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vukašin Gligorić ◽  
Allard Feddes ◽  
Bertjan Doosje
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Total N

Frankfurt defined persuasive communication that has no regard for truth, knowledge, or evidence as bullshit. Although there has been a lot of psychological research on pseudo-profound bullshit, no study examined this type of communication in politics. In the present research, we operationalize political bullshit receptivity as endorsing vague political statements, slogans, and political bullshit programs. We investigated the relationship of these three measures with pseudo-profound bullshit, ideology (political ideology, support for neoliberalism), populism, and voting behavior. Three pre-registered studies in different cultural settings (the United States, Serbia, The Netherlands; total N = 534) yielded medium to high intercorrelations between political bullshit measures and pseudo-profound bullshit, and good construct validity (hypothesized one-factor solution). A Bayesian meta-analysis showed that all political bullshit measures positively correlated with support for the free market, while only some positively correlated with social (political statements and programs) and economic conservatism (programs), and populism (programs). In the U.S., higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability that one voted for Trump (vs Clinton) in the past and higher intentions to vote for Trump (vs Biden and Sanders). In the Netherlands, higher receptivity to political bullshit predicted the intention to vote for the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. Exploratory analyses on merged datasets showed that higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability to vote for right-wing candidates/parties and lower probability for the left-wing ones. Overall, political bullshit endorsement showed good validity, opening avenues for research in political communication, especially when this communication is broad and meaningless.

Improved Outcomes after Reperfusion Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: A “Real-world” Study in a Developing Country

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-375
Author(s):  
Victor C. Schulz ◽  
Pedro S.C. de Magalhaes ◽  
Camila C. Carneiro ◽  
Julia I.T. da Silva ◽  
Vivian N. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
First Year ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Probability Of Survival ◽  
Stroke Center ◽  
Cerebral Reperfusion

Background: It is unknown if improvements in ischemic stroke (IS) outcomes reported after cerebral reperfusion therapies (CRT) in developed countries are also applicable to the “real world” scenario of low and middle-income countries. We aimed to measure the long-term outcomes of severe IS treated or not with CRT in Brazil. Methods: Patients from a stroke center of a state-run hospital were included. We compared the survival probability and functional status at 3 and 12 months in patients with severe IS treated or not with CRT. From 2010 to 2011, we performed intravenous reperfusion when patients arrived within 4.5 h time-window (IVT group) and after 2011, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) combined or not with intravenous alteplase (IAT group). Those who arrived >4.5 h in 2010-2011 and >6 h in 2012-2017 did not undergo CRT (NCRT group). Results: From 2010 to 2017, we registered 917 patients: 74% (677/917) in the NCRT group, 19% (178/917) in the IVT group and 7% (62/917) in the IAT group. Compared to the NCRT group, IVT patients had a 28% higher (HR: 0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.96) 3-month adjusted probability of survival and risk of functional dependence was 19% lower (adjusted RR: 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.91). For those who underwent MT, the adjusted probability of survival was 59 % higher (HR: 0.41; 95% CI 0.21-0.77) and the risk of functional dependence was 21% lower (adjusted RR: 0.79; 95% CI 0.66-094). These outcomes remained significantly better throughout the first year. Conclusion: CRT led to better outcomes in patients with severe IS in Brazil.

On the prospects of application of nanostructured heterophase polyfunctional composite materials inengine building industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
O. B. Silchenko ◽  
M. V. Siluyanova ◽  
V. Е. Nizovtsev ◽  
D. A. Klimov ◽  
A. A. Kornilov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Nanostructured Composite ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Long Operation ◽  
Prospects Of Application

The paper gives a brief review of properties and applications of developed extra-hard nanostructured composite materials and coatings based on them. The presentresearch suggestsaerospace applications of nanostructured composite materials based on carbides, carbonitrides and diboridesof transition and refractory metals. To improve the technical and economic performance of gas turbine engines, it is advisable to use new composite structural materials whose basic physicomechanical properties are several times superior to traditional ones. The greatest progress in developing new composites should be expected in the area of materials created on the basis of polymer, metal, intermetallic and ceramic matrices. Currently components and assemblies of gas turbine engines and multiple lighting power units with long operation life and durability will vigorously develop. Next-generation composites are studied in all developed countries, primarily in the United States and Japan.

Operation of a hyperbaric oxygen therapy center in Korea: Report of our experience from a setting in its nascent stages

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Yoon Seop Kim ◽  
Yoonsuk Lee ◽  
Sun Ju Kim ◽  
Sung Oh Hwang ◽  
Yong Sung Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Hyperbaric Medicine ◽  
Therapy Center ◽  
Hbo2 Therapy

Purpose: Hyperbaric medicine is nascent in Korea when compared to other developed countries, such as the United States and Japan. Our facility has been managed by physicians with certifications from the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in diving and clinical diseases since October 2016. This study was conducted to share similar issues that are encountered during the establishment of a program in a new area through our experiences in the operation of a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy center. Methods: In this retrospective observational study we collected data on HBO2 patients treated at our center between October 2016 and June 2018 after HBO2 was conducted by HBO2-certified physicians. We then compared demographic data of patients with data from January 2011 to September 2015 – before HBO2 operations were conducted by HBO2-certified physicians. Result: A total of 692 patients received 5,130 treatments. Twelve indicated diseases were treated using HBO2 therapy. Fifty-six critically ill patients with intubation received HBO2. Although two patients experienced seizure due to oxygen toxicity during the study period, certified physicians and inside attendant took immediate corrective action. Conclusion: After the establishment of the HBO2 center operated by physicians with certification, more patients, including critically ill patients, received HBO2 safely for various diseases. In order to improve the practice of hyperbaric medicine in Korea, the Korean Academy of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine (KAUHM), an advanced and well-organized academic society, should communicate often with HBO2 centers, with the aim to set Korean education programs at UHMS course levels and increase reimbursement for HBO2 therapy.

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