Trace elements in indicator minerals: area selection and target evaluation in diamond exploration

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Area Selection ◽  
Diamond Exploration ◽  
Indicator Minerals

scholarly journals Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Artemyev ◽  
Maksim N. Ankushev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Indicator Minerals

In the paper, the results of an investigation into trace elements found in slag sulfides from 14 archaeological Bronze Age settlements of the Cis-Urals, Trans-Urals, and North and Central Kazakhstan are presented. The study used Cu-(Fe)-sulfides as indicator minerals. Cu-(Fe)-S minerals in slags are primarily represented by covellite and chalcocite, as well as by rarer bornite and single chalcopyrite grains. Slag sulfides formed relic clasts and neogenic droplets of different shapes and sizes. Supergenic ores in the Bronze Age in Urals and Kazakhstan played a significant role in the mineralogical raw material base. In sulfides, the main indicator elements, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Se, Te, Sb, Ag, Pb, and Bi, are important markers of copper deposit types. Sulfides from olivine Cr-rich spinel containing slags of Ustye, Turganik are characterized by As-Co-Ni high contents and confined to copper deposits in ultramafic rocks. Olivine sulfide-containing slags from Kamenny Ambar, Konoplyanka and Sarlybay 3 are characterized by Co-Se-Te assemblage and confined to mafic rocks. Glassy sulfide-containing slags from Katzbakh 6, Turganik, Ordynsky Ovrag, Ivanovskoe, Tokskoe, Bulanovskoe 2, Kuzminkovskoe 2, Pokrovskoe, Rodnikovoe, and Taldysay are characterized by Ag-Pb-(Ba)-(Bi) assemblage and confined to cupriferous sandstone deposits. High As, Sb, Sn, and Ba contents found in slags can be seen as indicators of alloying or flux components in primary copper smelting. These include samples from Ustye, Katzbakh 6, Rodnikovoe, and Taldysay sites, where high Ba and As slag contents are identified. The compilation of a database with a broad sample of sulfide compositions from Bronze Age slags and mines in the Urals and Kazakhstan will permit the further identification of ore types and raw materials associated with a particular deposit.

Area selection for diamond exploration using deep-probing electromagnetic surveying

Lithos ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 765-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Jones ◽  
James A. Craven
Keyword(s):  
Area Selection ◽  
Diamond Exploration ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulphide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Artemyev ◽  
Maksim N. Ankushev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Indicator Minerals

In the paper, the results of an investigation into trace elements found in slag sulphides from 14 archaeological Bronze Age settlements of the Cis-Urals, Trans-Urals and North and Central Kazakhstan are presented. The study used Cu-(Fe)-sulphides as indicator minerals. Cu-(Fe)-S minerals in slags are primarily represented by covellite and chalcocite, as well as by rarer bornite and single chalcopyrite grains. Slag sulphides formed relic clasts and neogenic droplets of different shapes and sizes. Supergenic ores in the Bronze Age in Urals and Kazakhstan played a significant role in the mineralogical raw material base. In sulphides, the main indicator elements Fe, Co, Ni, As, Se, Te, Sb, Ag, Pb, and Bi are important markers of copper deposit types. Sulphides from olivine Cr-rich spinel containing slags of Ustye, Turganik, and Kuzminkovskoe 2 are characterised by As-Co-Ni assemblages and confined to copper deposits in ultramafic rocks. Olivine sulphide-containing slags from Kamenny Ambar, Konoplyanka and Sarlybay 3 are characterised by Co-Se-Te assemblage and confined to mafic rocks. Glassy sulphide-containing slags from Katzbakh 6, Turganik, Ordynsky Ovrag, Ivanovskoe, Tokskoe, Bulanovskoe 2, Pokrovskoe, Rodnikovoe, and Taldysay are characterised by Ag-Pb-(Ba)-(Bi) assemblage and confined to cupriferous sandstone deposits. High As, Sb, Sn and Ba contents found in slags can be seen as indicators of alloying or flux components in primary copper smelting. These include samples from Ustye, Katzbakh 6, Rodnikovoe, and Taldysay sites, where high Ba and As slag contents are identified. The compilation of a database with a broad sample of sulphide compositions from Bronze Age slags and mines in the Urals and Kazakhstan will permit the further identification of ore types and raw materials associated with a particular deposit.

Kimberlites and other ultramafic alkaline rocks in the Sisimiut–Kangerlussuaq region, southern West Greenland

2002 ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Monrad Jensen ◽  
Henriette Hansen ◽  
Karsten Secher ◽  
Agnete Steenfelt ◽  
Frands Schjøth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Length ◽  
Carbonatite Complex ◽  
Original Series ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Alkaline Rocks ◽  
Diamond Exploration ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Indicator Minerals

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, e.g.: Monrad Jensen, S., Hansen, H., Secher, K., Steenfelt, A., Schjøth, F., & Rasmussen, T. M. (1). Kimberlites and other ultramafic alkaline rocks in the Sisimiut–Kangerlussuaq region, southern West Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 191, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v191.5129 The alkaline province of southern West Greenland includes swarms of dykes described as kimberlites and lamproites (Larsen 1991), and these rock types are widely distributed in the Sisimiut–Sarfartoq–Kangerlussuaq region (Figs 1, 2). Kimberlites and lamproites are potential carriers of diamond, and since the description of the Sarfartoq carbonatite complex and the kimberlitic dykes related to this complex (Larsen 1980; Secher & Larsen 1980), the Sisimiut–Sarfartoq–Kangerlussuaq region has seen several campaigns of commercial diamond exploration. The latest and most persistent stage of exploration began in the mid-1990s and has continued to date, with varying intensity. Numerous reports of diamond-favourable indicator minerals from till sampling, finds of kimberlitic dykes, and recovery of actual diamonds from kimberlitic rocks have emerged since 1995 (Olsen et al. 1999). A drilling programme in late 2001 confirmed the unusually great length and width of a magnetic kimberlitic dyke (Ferguson 2001).

Microanalytical Identification of a New Zr-Nb-Fe Phase

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
O.T. Woo ◽  
G.J.C. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Proportionality Factor ◽  
Tube Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Foils ◽  
Arc Melting ◽  
Intermetallic Particles ◽  
Intermetallic Precipitates ◽  
Cold Worked

To study the influence of trace elements on the corrosion and hydrogen ingress in Zr-2.5 Nb pressure tube material, buttons of this alloy containing up to 0.83 at% Fe were made by arc-melting. The buttons were then annealed at 973 K for three days, furnace cooled, followed by ≈80% cold-rolling. The microstructure of cold-worked Zr-2.5 at% Nb-0.83 at% Fe (Fig. 1) contained both β-Zr and intermetallic precipitates in the α-Zr grains. The particles were 0.1 to 0.7 μm in size, with shapes ranging from spherical to ellipsoidal and often contained faults. β-Zr appeared either roughly spherical or as irregular elongated patches, often extending to several micrometres.The composition of the intermetallic particles seen in Fig. 1 was determined using Van Cappellen’s extrapolation technique for energy dispersive X-ray analysis of thin metal foils. The method was employed to avoid corrections for absorption and fluorescence via the Cliff-Lorimer equation: CA/CB = kAB · IA/IB, where CA and CB are the concentrations by weight of the elements A and B, and IA and IB are the X-ray intensities; kAB is a proportionality factor.

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