scholarly journals The rise of electronic cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Simran Bhullar
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have quickly gained popularity among adolescents and adults, and have begun to replace conventional cigarettes as a source of nicotine. Although little is known about the impact of the exposure of chemical constituents of ECs, two major constituents, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin have been implicated as formaldehyde-releasing agents. The wide variety of EC flavours appeal to users of all ages with reports showing a positive correlation between EC use and sweet flavorings. In addition, although marketing strategies advertise ECs as tools to facilitate smoking cessation, the evidence supporting this role is weak. In terms of its effect on users with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases, the data is conflicting regarding whether ECs have an impact on cardiovascular function. Although it is obvious that their safety and efficacy needs to be better understood, it is nonetheless essential to review what the research conducted so far has shown.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes and health with special focus on cardiovascular effects: position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)

2020 ◽  
pp. 204748732094199
Author(s):  
Maryam Kavousi ◽  
Charlotta Pisinger ◽  
Jean-Claude Barthelemy ◽  
Delphine De Smedt ◽  
Konstantinos Koskinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
European Association ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Preventive Cardiology ◽  
The Impact

Background Tobacco use is the single largest preventable risk factor for premature death of non-communicable diseases and the second leading cause of cardiovascular disease. In response to the harmful effects of tobacco smoking, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has emerged and gained significant popularity over the past 15 years. E-cigarettes are promoted as safe alternatives for traditional tobacco smoking and are often suggested as a way to reduce or quit smoking. However, evidence suggests they are not harmless. Discussion The rapid evolution of the e-cigarette market has outpaced the legislator’s regulatory capacity, leading to mixed regulations. The increasing use of e-cigarettes in adolescents and young individuals is of concern. While the long-term direct cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes remain largely unknown, the existing evidence suggests that the e-cigarette should not be regarded as a cardiovascular safe product. The contribution of e-cigarette use to reducing conventional cigarette use and smoking cessation is complex, and the impact of e-cigarette use on long-term cessation lacks sufficient evidence. Conclusion This position paper describes the evidence regarding the prevalence of e-cigarette smoking, uptake of e-cigarettes in the young, related legislations, cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes and the impact of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation. Knowledge gaps in the field are also highlighted. The recommendations from the population science and public health section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology are presented.

scholarly journals A narrative review evaluating the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a newly marketed smoking cessation tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205031211987140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Worku ◽  
Elliott Worku
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Introduction: E-cigarettes are an alternative to traditional tobacco-based cigarettes. While having considerable societal awareness, conflicting evidence exists to support their claims that they are an effective smoking cessation tool and are safe. Currently >7000 flavours exist with evidence that they exhibit detrimental cellular and tissue effects. A literature review was conducted utilising PubMed and Google Scholar Databases identifying papers between 2014 and 2019. The aims of this study were to accurately gauge the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool. Methods: Search terms including ‘electronic cigarettes’ and ‘vaping’ were used to identify suitable references. A total of 314 articles were identified from which papers were excluded due to risk of bias, insufficient detail or were duplicate from which 58 papers were used in the final review. Results: Evidence shows that e-cigarettes can have detrimental effects on several cell lines and animal models with their flavourings and nicotine content implicated; this has, however, not translated into major health outcomes after 3.5 years follow-up but has been linked to chronic lung disease and cardiovascular disease. While advertised as an effective smoking cessation tool, no consensus can be made regarding their effectiveness although the first robust randomised controlled trial reports some success. This, however, is offset by the fact that the most common e-cigarette use is as a dual user and that there is evidence of threefold increased risk of future tobacco smoking. Conclusion: Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health outcomes and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool with greater discussion between patients and clinicians regarding this smoking cessation tool.

scholarly journals Machine Vaping of Electronic Cigarettes - A Comparison of Puffing Regimes#

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Amit Gupta ◽  
Rana Tayyarah ◽  
Gene Gillman ◽  
Charles Garner ◽  
Rob Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Profile Shape ◽  
Standardized Reporting ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Impact

Summary Several machine-based puffing regimes for collection of e-cigarette aerosol were evaluated with the objective of recommending one regime for standardization. The study involved a comparison of several candidate regimes for which puff volume, duration, interval, profile shape, and puff number were defined and varied. Testing was conducted at four laboratories using seven e-cigarette test products. Each participating laboratory generated and analyzed aerosol from the test products for glycerin, propylene glycol, water, and nicotine using the candidate regimes. Results were compared within each product’s data set to understand the impact of the regimes on product yield, consistency of results, and reliability of the testing equipment. Each of the regimes evaluated was determined to be fit for purpose for the range of products tested. Based on specific selection criteria, the recommended collection parameters are a square-shaped 55-mL puff of 3 s duration with a puff frequency of one puff every 30 s. Standardized reporting parameters include aerosol collected mass (ACM), puff count, and e-cigarette weight loss along with analyte yield on a per-puff basis and total-puffs basis.

The impact of expectations and satisfaction on the initiation and maintenance of smoking cessation: An experimental test.

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3, Suppl) ◽  
pp. S197-S206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Hertel ◽  
Emily A. Finch ◽  
Kristina M. Kelly ◽  
Christie King ◽  
Harry Lando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
The Impact

Beliefs, Practices, and Self-efficacy of US Physicians Regarding Smoking Cessation and Electronic Cigarettes: A National Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Nickels ◽  
David O. Warner ◽  
Sarah Michelle Jenkins ◽  
Jon Tilburt ◽  
J. Taylor Hays
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes

Efficacy of electronic cigarettes for tobacco smoking cessation: An adapted systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T O'Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Smoking Reduction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Background Worldwide smoking remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are increasingly used by tobacco smokers as an aid to smoking cessation; however, their efficacy remains uncertain. Methods Electronic databases, clinical trial registries and grey literature sources were searched. The aim was to examine randomised controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, published since the 2016 Cochrane review on this topic, that assessed the efficacy of ECs in achieving smoking cessation among current smokers. Results Two RCTs and five cohort studies, including a total of 16,460 participants, were eligible for inclusion. One RCT found sustained 1-year abstinence of 18.0% in the EC group versus 9.9% in the nicotine replacement therapy group (RR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.58; P < 0.001). The second RCT did not find a statistically significant difference in abstinence rates between EC users and non-users (RR 0.71). Of the five included cohort studies, four reported statistically significant RRs. Two found a positive association (RRs of 1.45 and 1.84) between EC use and smoking cessation but two studies showed EC use was associated with reduced smoking cessation (RRs of 0.25 and 0.35). Due to significant heterogeneity between the studies the data were deemed unsuitable for pooling into a meta-analysis. All trials assessing smoking reduction reported higher rates of reduction among EC users. No serious adverse events were reported with EC use. Follow-up periods of included trials ranged from one to four years, with an average of 1.6 years. Conclusions There is limited, low-quality evidence that ECs are an effective intervention for smoking cessation and smoking reduction. The overall quality of evidence is low as it is based on a small number of studies with inconsistent and imprecise results. Due to the short follow-up periods of the included trials, the long-term safety of ECs is unclear from this review. Key messages Limited evidence that electronic cigarettes are an effective smoking cessation intervention. Further well-designed randomised controlled trials are required to investigate the efficacy of ECs for smoking cessation.

The impact of comprehensive tobacco control policies on cardiovascular diseases in Beijing, China

Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Wu ◽  
Zijing Wang ◽  
Yunting Zheng ◽  
Mengying Wang ◽  
Siyue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Beijing China

EXPRESS: Investigating the Effects of Excise Taxes, Public Usage Restrictions, and Anti-Smoking Ads across Cigarette Brands

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224292199456
Author(s):  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Vishal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Brand Strength ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Cigarette Tax ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact

The prevalence of strong brands such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Budweiser, and Marlboro in “vice” categories has important implications for regulators and consumers. While researchers in multiple disciplines have studied the effectiveness of anti-tobacco counter-marketing strategies, little attention has been given to how brand strength may moderate the efficacy of tactics such as excise taxes, usage restrictions, and educational advertising campaigns. In this research, we use a multiple discrete-continuous model to study the impact of anti-smoking techniques on smokers’ choices of brands and quantities. Our results suggest that while cigarette excise taxes decrease smoking rates, these taxes also result in a shift in market share towards stronger brands. Market leaders may be less affected by tax policies because their market power allows strong brands such as Marlboro to absorb rather than pass through increased taxes. In contrast, smoke-free restrictions cause a shift away from stronger brands. In terms of anti-smoking advertising we find minimal effects on brand choice and consumption. The findings highlight the importance of considering brand asymmetries when designing a policy portfolio cigarette tax hikes, smoke-free restrictions, and anti-smoking advertising campaigns.

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