scholarly journals Nonlinear Processes in Time-Ordered Observations: Self-­Organized Criticality in Daily High School Attendance

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthijs Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
New York ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Attendance Rates ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Daily Attendance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High School Attendance

In the United States, high school attendance and drop-°©‐‑out are important policy concerns receiving extensive coverage in the research literature. Traditionally, the focus in this work is on the summary of dropout rates and mean attendance rates in specific schools, regions or socio-economic groups. However, the question how stable those attendance rates are over time has received scant attention. Since instability in attendance may affect how long individual students stay in school, the issue deserves attention. Theschool districts that have begun to keep record of daily attendance rates in their schools over multi-year periods, such as those in New York City, have created an opportunity to investigate the temporal dimension of daily attendance, and thereby explore its stability. This paper will focus on its long-term characteristics, specifically the following: self-similarity, meta-stability or pink noise, and the impact of sudden departures from the central tendency of the series. Such departures can be used to estimate the impact of exogenous influences on the behavior of the system. The findings illustrate the importance of describing the dynamical patterns underlying attendance that remain concealed in traditional summary measures.

We Are Not a Nation of Softies

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Kathleen Bachynski
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
The United States ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Middle School Children ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Tackle Football ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
High School Attendance

Although the Great Depression limited funding for athletics, New Deal programs helped build infrastructure that contributed to making football a ubiquitous sport in high schools across the United States. With the end of World War II, high school football surged in the context of increasing prosperity, high school attendance, and suburbanization. Football’s expansion to increasingly include pre-pubescent children renewed critiques of the “big business” aspects of the sport. The participation of younger children also fostered a new range of concerns about physical injuries, as well as the emotional pressures of competitive collision sports for elementary and middle school children. Yet calls for limits on tackle football were ultimately obscured by the political and social culture of the Cold War. Football safety concerns were discounted as the anxieties of overly protective mothers. From the claims of coaches to the promotion of competitive sports by American presidents, tackle football was widely celebrated as a physically and morally beneficial sport for boys.

Using Time Series Analysis to Estimate Complex Regular Cycles in Daily High School Attendance

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050003
Author(s):  
Matthijs Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Attendance Rates ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Model Features ◽  
High School Attendance

The Trigonometric Box-Cox ARMA Trend Seasonal (TBATS) model has been designed to estimate complex cyclical patterns (e.g., weeks within years) in time series data. This paper seeks to evaluate its applicability to educational data, daily school attendance in particular. Attendance rates in four high schools are analyzed over a ten year period using TBATS to illustrate the presence of both weekly and annual patterns in three of the schools and only weekly patterns in the fourth. The model features are explicated and it is shown how the estimation of weekly and annual cycles enhances the description of the data and improves our understanding of how the assessment of endogenous variability contributes to our understanding of daily high school attendance behavior. R script is provided in an appendix.

scholarly journals Do Human Capital Decisions Respond to the Returns to Education? Evidence from DACA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elira Kuka ◽  
Na’ama Shenhav ◽  
Kevin Shih
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Temporary Work ◽  
High School Graduation Rates ◽  
Deferred Action ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
High School Attendance

This paper studies human capital responses to the availability of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which provides temporary work authorization and deferral from deportation for undocumented, high-school-educated youth. We use a sample of young adults that migrated to the United States as children to implement a difference-in-difference design that compares noncitizen immigrants (“eligible”) to citizen immigrants (“ineligible”) over time. We find that DACA significantly increased high school attendance and high school graduation rates, reducing the citizen-noncitizen gap in graduation by 40 percent. We also find positive, though imprecise, impacts on college attendance. (JEL H52, I21, I26, J13, J15, J24)

scholarly journals Effects of Recovery High School Attendance on Students’ Mental Health Symptoms

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Tanner-Smith ◽  
Andrew J. Finch ◽  
Emily A. Hennessy ◽  
D. Paul Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High School ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Mental Health Symptoms ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
Recovery High School ◽  
High School Attendance

Do Stock Markets Catch the Flu?

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. McTier ◽  
Yiuman Tse ◽  
John K. Wald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trading Activity ◽  
Market Makers ◽  
International Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bid Ask Spreads

AbstractWe examine the impact of influenza on stock markets. For the United States, a higher incidence of flu is associated with decreased trading, decreased volatility, decreased returns, and higher bid-ask spreads. Consistent with the flu affecting institutional investors and market makers, the decrease in trading activity and volatility is primarily driven by the incidence of influenza in the greater New York City area. However, the effect of the flu on bid-ask spreads and returns is related to the incidence of flu nationally. International data confirm our findings of a decrease in trading activity and returns when flu incidence is high.

Strangers in the City: Transmigration from Eastern Europe and its Impact on Berlin and Hamburg 1880–1914

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-246
Author(s):  
Tobias Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Transit Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article examines the impact of transit migration from the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires on Berlin and Hamburg between 1880 and 1914. Both cities experienced massive growth during the last three decades of the nineteenth century, and both served as major points of passage for Eastern Europeans travelling to (and returning from) the United States. The rising migration from Eastern Europe through Central and Western European cities after 1880 coincided with the need to find adequate solutions to accommodate a rapidly growing number of commuters. The article demonstrates that the isolation of transmigrants in Berlin, Hamburg (and New York) during the 1890s was only partly related to containing contagious disease and ‘undesirable’ migrants. Isolating transmigrants was also a pragmatic response to the increasing pressure on the urban traffic infrastructure.

The Effect of Community Socioeconomic Context on High School Attendance in China: A Generalized Propensity Score Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 003804072110573
Author(s):  
Lei Lei
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Generalized Propensity Score ◽  
High School Attendance

Many developing countries have experienced increasing spatial inequality, but little is known about the effect of community disadvantages on educational attainment in these societies. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2016), I examine the effect of community socioeconomic status (SES) on the transition into high school in urban and rural China, and I explore several mechanisms explaining the community effects. I adopt the generalized propensity score method to estimate the potential probability of high school entrance at different levels of community SES. Results show that community SES is positively associated with high school attendance in both urban and rural China, and the relationship is stronger in more disadvantaged communities in both contexts. In urban areas, the effect of community SES is partly attributable to collective socialization and children’s academic performance. In rural areas, spatial accessibility to high schools and children’s academic performance are the salient mechanisms.

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