Parental Incarceration’s Effect on Family: Effects on Mothers, Fathers, Marriage, Children, and Socioeconomic Status

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Hardy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Incarceration ◽  
Incarcerated Mothers ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Family Effects ◽  
Child Relationship

The objective of this paper is to provide a qualitative analysis of the effects incarceration has on family members. Incarceration affects a very large number of families in the United States and Canada, especially since the mass incarceration between the 1970s and 2000s that occurred in the United States. Incarceration was found to have both negative effects on incarcerated mothers and fathers, and it was found to increase the risk of divorce. Children were also affected by parental incarceration by raising their risks of developing mental illness, engaging in delinquent behaviour, having negative social experiences and damaging their parent-child relationship. Moreover, parental incarceration had little to no effect on a child’s academic performance and it displayed the child’s resiliency. Lastly, incarceration had negative effects on a family’s socioeconomic status and it increased the risk of second-generation offenders.

How Incarceration Affects the Parent-Child Relationship and Family Dynamics

2017 ◽  
pp. 310-338
Author(s):  
Alicia Ferris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Incarceration ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Incarcerated Parents ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
The World ◽  
Charitable Trust ◽  
Parent Child

The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world (Pew Charitable Trust, 2008). More than one in 100 adults are incarcerated and many of these individuals are parents who have one or more children who are under the age of eighteen. Therefore, 1.7 million children are affected by parental incarceration (Glaze & Maruschak, 2008). Children who have incarcerated parents are exposed to factors that put them at risk for increased delinquency and maladjustment in childhood (Aaron & Dallaire, 2010). Parental incarceration is a heart-wrenching topic, but needs to be discussed because it can negatively impact children and families. Thus, this chapter will explore how parental incarceration affects children and families. Specifically, the various relationships of parent-child, caregiver-child, parent-caregiver, and sibling relationships will be explored. In addition, this chapter will examine the developmental impacts parental incarceration has, legal recommendations, and interventions for children and families affected by parental incarceration.

The Child Left Behind: Parental Incarceration and Adult Human Capital in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Laura E. Henkhaus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Degree Attainment ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Partial Identification ◽  
Parental Incarceration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Nationally Representative

Exposure to parental incarceration is particularly prevalent in the United States, where about 7 percent of children have lived with a parent who was incarcerated. In this paper, I use nationally representative US data and apply partial identification methods to bound the likely effects of parental incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. Findings suggest that parental incarceration leads to substantially higher rates of high school dropout. Results provide some support for negative effects on likelihood of college degree attainment and employment in young adulthood. This work has important implications for criminal justice policy and social policies toward children.

The Effects of Parental and Sibling Incarceration: Evidence from Ohio

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 2926-2963
Author(s):  
Samuel Norris ◽  
Matthew Pecenco ◽  
Jeffrey Weaver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Incarceration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Teen Parenthood ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Outcomes For Children

Every year, millions of Americans experience the incarceration of a family member. Using 30 years of administrative data from Ohio and exploiting differing incarceration propensities of randomly assigned judges, this paper provides the first quasi-experimental estimates of the effects of parental and sibling incarceration in the United States. Parental incarceration has beneficial effects on some important outcomes for children, reducing their likelihood of incarceration by 4.9 percentage points and improving their adult neighborhood quality. While estimates on academic performance and teen parenthood are imprecise, we reject large positive or negative effects. Sibling incarceration leads to similar reductions in criminal activity. (JEL H76, J13, K42)

scholarly journals How Racial Politics Led Directly to the Enactment of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Guggenheim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foster Care ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Racial Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Family Regulation ◽  
Parent Child

This Article is part of a celebration of the magnificent work of Dorothy Roberts who, more than any other scholar, has brilliantly demonstrated both the highly destructive qualities of the United States’ family regulation system and its relationship to the country’s legacy of slavery. The most vicious feature of the current family regulation system is the almost routine destruction of families resulting from an overly zealous enforcement of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, through which the federal government pays states to permanently banish parents from their children and legally sever the parent-child relationship when children have remained in foster care for fifteen months. This Article tells some of the racialized history that led to the enactment of the Adoption and Safe Families Act.

scholarly journals O znaczeniu fundamentalnych zasad karania w polityce karnej — uwagi na tle przyczyn i skutków „masowego uwięzienia” w Stanach Zjednoczonych

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 509-522
Author(s):  
Barbara Stańdo-Kawecka
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Philosophy Of Punishment ◽  
The Social

The importance of the fundamental principles of punishment in criminal policy — remarks against a background of causes and results of “mass incarceration” in the United StatesIn the last century, in the United States, there was a significant change in the paradigms of punishment. In the 1970s the ideology of rehabilitation collapsed and reforms, which aimed at restoring justice in punishment and reduction of the prison population, were initiated. In the next decade, the movement aiming at liberal reforms lost the social and political support and was replaced with the repressive criminal policy. At the same time, a rapid increase in the prison population started which has been referred to in the criminological literature as the phenomenon of mass incarceration. After four decades of continuous growth in the number of persons deprived of their liberty there is no doubt that the social and financial consequences of a repressive system of punishment proved to be dramatic. For this reason, issues concerning the restoration of justice and rationality in punishment have again been discussed in the United States.Many European countries also experienced the “punitive turn” in the criminal policy at the end of the 20th century, although its scale was incomparable with what happened in the United States. It does not mean, however, that American discussions on the philosophy of punishment and criminal policy are irrelevant for Europe. Multidimensional negative effects of the American policy of mass incarceration indicate the dangers resulting from ignoring the basic principles of punishment that protect against abuses of the state’s power to punish. Additionally, they encourage a serious discussion about the integration of punishment theories with the empirical knowledge on the results of sentencing and sentence enforcement.

Intercountry Adoption

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-597
Author(s):  
S. Norman Sherry ◽  
William C. Riecke ◽  
Burton Sokoloff ◽  
George G. Sterne ◽  
Virginia Wagner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Intercountry Adoption ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Parent Child Relationship ◽  
Birth Parents ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Sound Foundation

Intercountry adoption is the adoption of a child native to one country by citizens and/or residents of another country and the subsequent removal of the child from his native country to the second country. The Adoption and Dependent Care Committee recognizes that such procedures are fraught with problems for the countries involved and for the members of the traditional adoption triad–adoptee, birth parents, and adoptive parents. The motivation of adoptive parents, the country of origin, and the country of destination have all been challenged. The motivation of parents seeking to adopt children from other countries should be examined, as should the motivation of any prospective adoptive parents. Specific attention should be paid to those who see such adoptions as expiation for perceived sins committed against the child's native country. Although such reasoning may sound admirable, it does not provide a sound foundation for beginning a parent-child relationship. The Committee supports efforts to improve the situations of all children: that is, each child should have a permanent nurturing home and a family, preferably his biologic family in his native country. International assistance should first support services that strengthen the biologic family and child welfare services within the native country. In addition to this assistance, there are occasions in which the interest of the child may be met by intercountry adoption. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS Many factors have contributed to the increasing number of intercountry adoptions by natives of the United States (current rate is approximately 6,000 per year). In the United States, the declining birth rate and the increasing tendency of unmarried mothers to keep their infants rather than giving them up for adoption, have led to shortages of healthy infants for prospective adoptive parents.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin E. Zimring
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
American Life ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
Or Practice

The phenomenal growth of penal confinement in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century is still a public policy mystery. Why did it happen when it happened? What explains the unprecedented magnitude of prison and jail expansion? Why are the current levels of penal confinement so very close to the all-time peak rate reached in 2007? What is the likely course of levels of penal confinement in the next generation of American life? Are there changes in government or policy that can avoid the prospect of mass incarceration as a chronic element of governance in the United States? This study is organized around four major concerns: What happened in the 33 years after 1973? Why did these extraordinary changes happen in that single generation? What is likely to happen to levels of penal confinement in the next three decades? What changes in law or practice might reduce this likely penal future?

Intimate Partner Violence among Korean Immigrant Women in the United States: Intersectionality of Gender Norms, Immigration, and Socioeconomic Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110179
Author(s):  
Sei-Young Lee ◽  
Ga-Young Choi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Korean Immigrant ◽  
Korean Immigrant Women

With the theory of feminist intersectionality, this study examined intimate partner violence (IPV) among Korean immigrant women focusing on gender norms, immigration, and socioeconomic status in the contexts of Korean culture. A total of 83 Korean immigrant women who were receiving a social service from non-profit agencies in ethnically diverse urban areas were recruited with a purposive sampling method. Hierarchical regressions were conducted to examine changes in variance explained by models. Having non-traditional gender norms, a college degree or higher education, immigrant life stresses, and living longer in the United States were positively associated with IPV while having higher income and being more fluent in English were negatively associated with IPV. Findings were discussed to understand Korean immigrant women’s internal conflict affected by their higher education and more egalitarian gender norms under the patriarchal cultural norms while experiencing immigrant life stresses and living in the United States. Implication for practice was also discussed.

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