scholarly journals Embryonic Cannabidiol Exposure Does Not Affect Adult Zebrafish Swimming Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
Hannah Veinot ◽  
Erik Folkerts ◽  
MD Ruhul ◽  
Declam Ali ◽  
Greg G. Goss
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Neuronal Patterns ◽  
October 17 ◽  
Fish Tanks

Cannabis is used for a variety of reasons such as relieving pain, relieving stress, and reducing nausea during chemotherapy. While cannabis originates from central and south Asia, the drug has become extremely popular in North America. In July of 2001, medicinal use of cannabis was legalized in Canada, and on October 17 2018, recreational use of cannabis was legalized nationally. Many scientific studies have shown the negative effects of cannabis in consumers and of second hand smoke exposure, including lung cancer, respiratory issues, and reduced decision making and cognitive function. Because of the rapid increase in cannabis, high concentrations have filtered into the water treatment facilities and spread into lakes and ponds through pipelines that could potentially cause harm to the fish. While there are studies that have concluded that there are alterations to the fish’s neuronal patterns and cardiac systems in zebrafish, there were no reports of how the medical ingredient of cannabis (cannabidiol or CBD) may affect the ability of a fish to swim. Proper swim behaviour is an essential survival characteristic to fish and other marine animals, but when a novel potentially toxic compound is introduced into their environment, impacts to vital biological functions in the organism may occur. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of cannabidiol on zebrafish by evaluating their critical swimming speed (Ucrit value). Using a swim tunnel, we were able to control the environment and easily identify at what point the fish would be fatigued. Comparisons were made between three different fish tanks: one tank exposed to CBD, and the other two tanks contained a fresh water control and a solvent control. Using both our “p” and “F” stat values, we can conclude that there were no significant differences observed between the three fish tanks. In the future, we hope to analyse the neurology of the fish exposed and complete a fish respirometry measuring the oxygen consumption of CBD exposed fish. 

scholarly journals Tobacco Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Changing the Present to Help the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Hipple Walters ◽  
Ionela Petrea ◽  
Harry Lando
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low And Middle Income

While the global smoking rate has dropped in the past 30 years (from 41.2% of men in 1980 to 31.1% in 2012 and from 10.6% of women in 1980 to 6.2% in 2012), the number of tobacco smokers has increased due to population growth (Ng et al., 2014). This tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure continue to harm people worldwide. Those harmed are often vulnerable: children, those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), those with existing diseases, etc. As noted by the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 80% of those who smoke live in a LMIC (World Health Organization, 2017). Furthermore, it is often those who are more socio-economically disadvantaged or less educated in LMICs that are exposed to second-hand smoke at home and work (Nazar, Lee, Arora, & Millett, 2015).

Reducing Second-Hand Smoke Exposure for Infants in the NICU/Nursery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Hogan ◽  
Galen Laserson ◽  
Allan Ndovu ◽  
Alec Ohanian ◽  
Lauren Ton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure

Elevated non-esterified fatty acids impair survival and promote lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bovine endometrial epithelial cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chankeaw ◽  
Y. Z. Guo ◽  
R. Båge ◽  
A. Svensson ◽  
G. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine Production ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Endometrial Epithelial Cells

Elevated non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are associated with negative effects on bovine theca, granulosa and oviductal cells but the effects of NEFAs on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs) are not as well documented. The objective of this study was to define the effects of NEFAs on bEECs. Postprimary bEECs were treated with 150, 300 or 500 µM of either palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA) or oleic acid (OA) or a mixture of NEFAs (150 µM of each FA) or 0.5% final concentration of vehicle ethanol (control). Viability and proliferation of bEECs exposed to 150 µM of each NEFA or a mixture of NEFAs were unaffected. Increased lipid accumulation was found in all treated groups (P < 0.01). In cells exposed to 500 µM of each NEFA and 300 µM PA decreased cell viability (P < 0.001), proliferation (P < 0.05) and increased apoptosis (P < 0.05) were observed. Treatment with 500 µM OA, PA and SA had the strongest effects on cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis (P < 0.05). Treatment with PA and OA increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations (P < 0.05), whereas only the highest concentration of PA, OA and SA stimulated IL-8 production (P < 0.05). These results suggest that high concentrations of NEFAs may impair endometrial function with more or less pronounced effects depending on the type of NEFA and time of exposure.

scholarly journals Second-hand smoking, hypertension and cardiovascular risk: findings from Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz ◽  
Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoking ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Second-hand smoking has not been detailedly studied in Peru, where smoking is prohibited in all indoor workplaces, public places, and public transportation. Second-hand smoke exposure may occur at home or any other places. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of second-hand smoking and assess its association with hypertension and cardiovascular risk in Peru. Materials and methods Secondary analysis of a nationally-representative population-based survey including individuals aged 18–59 years. There were two outcomes: hypertension and 10-year cardiovascular risk using the Framingham and the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) risk scores. The exposure was self-reported second-hand smoking during the 7 days before the survey. The association between second-hand smoking and hypertension was quantified with Poisson models reporting prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI); the association between second-hand smoking and cardiovascular risk was quantified with linear regressions reporting coefficients and their 95% CI. Results Data from 897 individuals, mean age: 38.2 (SD: 11.8) years, and 499 (55.7%) females, were analyzed, with 8.7% subjects reporting second-hand smoking at home and 8.3% at work or any other place. Thus, 144 (15.5%; 95% CI: 12.8%-18.6%) subjects reported any second-hand smoking. In multivariable model second-hand smoking was associated with hypertension (PR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.25–4.67), and with 1.2% higher Framingham cardiovascular risk, and 0.2% higher 2019 WHO risk score. Conclusions There is an association between second-hand smoking and hypertension as well as with cardiovascular risk, and 15% of adults reported second-hand smoke exposure overall with half of them exposed at home. There is a need to guarantee smoking-free places to reduce cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals The role of second-hand smoke exposure on smoking cessation in non-tobacco-related cancers

Cancer ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 121 (15) ◽  
pp. 2655-2663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawson Eng ◽  
Xin Qiu ◽  
Jie Su ◽  
Dan Pringle ◽  
Chongya Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke Exposure

scholarly journals Ovothiol A is the Main Antioxidant in Fish Lens

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim V. Yanshole ◽  
Lyudmila V. Yanshole ◽  
Ekaterina A. Zelentsova ◽  
Yuri P. Tsentalovich
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Rutilus Rutilus ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Sander Lucioperca ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Fiber Cells ◽  
Tissue Protection ◽  
High Concentrations

Tissue protection from oxidative stress by antioxidants is of vital importance for cellular metabolism. The lens mostly consists of fiber cells lacking nuclei and organelles, having minimal metabolic activity; therefore, the defense of the lens tissue from the oxidative stress strongly relies on metabolites. Protein-free extracts from lenses and gills of freshwater fish, Sander lucioperca and Rutilus rutilus lacustris, were subjected to analysis using high-field 1H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC with optical and high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. It was found that the eye lenses of freshwater fish contain high concentrations of ovothiol A (OSH), i.e., one of the most powerful antioxidants exciting in nature. OSH was identified and quantified in millimolar concentrations. The concentration of OSH in the lens and gills depends on the fish genus and on the season. A possible mechanism of the reactive oxygen species deactivation in fish lenses is discussed. This work is the first to report on the presence of OSH in vertebrates. The presence of ovothiol in the fish tissue implies that it may be a significantly more common antioxidant in freshwater and marine animals than was previously thought.

scholarly journals Coasting in live-bearing fish: the drag penalty of being pregnant

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (151) ◽  
pp. 20180714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa M. Quicazan-Rubio ◽  
Johan L. van Leeuwen ◽  
Klaas van Manen ◽  
Mike Fleuren ◽  
Bart J. A. Pollux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bending Performance ◽  
Body Drag ◽  
Wetted Area ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Different Levels

Swimming performance of pregnant live-bearing fish is presumably constrained by the additional drag associated with the reproductive burden. Yet, it is still unclear how and to what extent the reproductive investment affects body drag of the females. We examined the effect of different levels of reproductive investment on body drag. The biggest measured increase in body volume due to pregnancy was about 43%, linked to a wetted area increase of about 16% and 69% for the frontal area. We printed three-dimensional models of live-bearing fish in a straight body posture representing different reproductive allocation (RA) levels. We measured the drag and visualized the flow around these models in a flow tunnel at different speeds. Drag grew in a power fashion with speed and exponentially with the increase of RA, thus drag penalty for becoming thicker was relatively low for low speeds compared to high ones. We show that the drag increase with increasing RA was most probably due to bigger regions of flow separation behind the enlarged belly. We suggest that the rising drag penalty with an increasing RA, possibly together with pregnancy-related negative effects on muscle- and abdominal bending performance, will reduce the maximum swimming speed.

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