Time-Lapse Microgravityto Monitor Fluidmovementestimation, Watersaturation, Pressure & Density Changesinreservoir (Case Studies On Field “Tfq”, Sumatra)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taufiq Taufiq
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Time Lapse

Time-Lapse Seismic for Reservoir Management: Case Studies From Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
Sunday Amoyedo ◽  
Emmanuel Ekut ◽  
Rasaki Salami ◽  
Liliana Goncalves-Ferreira ◽  
Pascal Desegaulx
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Reservoir Management ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Elastic Model ◽  
Field Development ◽  
4D Seismic ◽  
The Impact

Summary This paper presents case studies focused on the interpretation and integration of seismic reservoir monitoring from several fields in conventional offshore and deepwater Niger Delta. The fields are characterized by different geological settings and development-maturity stages. We show different applications varying from qualitative to quantitative use of time-lapse (4D) seismic information. In the first case study, which is in shallow water, the field has specific reservoir-development challenges, simple geology, and is in phased development. On this field, 4D seismic, which was acquired several years ago, is characterized by poor seismic repeatability. Nevertheless, we show that because of improvements from seismic reprocessing, 4D seismic makes qualitative contributions to the ongoing field development. In the second case study, the field is characterized by complex geological settings. The 4D seismic is affected by overburden with strong lateral variations in velocity and steeply dipping structure (up to 40°). Prestack-depth-imaging (PSDM) 4D seismic is used in a more-qualitative manner to monitor gas injection, validate the geologic/reservoir models, optimize infill injector placement, and consequently, enhance field-development economics. The third case study presents a deep offshore field characterized by a complex depositional system for some reservoirs. In this example, good 4D-seismic repeatability (sum of source- and receiver-placement differences between surveys, dS+dR) is achieved, leading to an increased quantitative use of 4D monitoring for the assessment of sand/sand communication, mapping of oil/water (OWC) front, pressure evolution, and dynamic calibration of petro-elastic model (PEM), and also as a seismic-based production-logging tool. In addition, 4D seismic is used to update seismic interpretation, provide a better understanding of internal architecture of the reservoirs units, and, thereby, yield a more-robust reservoir model. The 4D seismic in this field is a key tool for field-development optimization and reservoir management. The last case study illustrates the need for seismic-feasibility studies to detect 4D responses related to production. In addition to assessing the impact of the field environment on the 4D- seismic signal, these studies also help in choosing the optimum seismic-survey type, design, and acquisition parameters. These studies would possibly lead to the adoption of new technologies such as broad-band streamer or nodes acquisition in the near future.

Multitemporal SAR interferometry for monitoring of ground deformations caused by hydrocarbon production in an arid environment: Case studies from the Sultanate of Oman

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Rachid Rahmoune ◽  
Mohammed Sulaimani ◽  
Jan Stammeijer ◽  
Saif Azri ◽  
Roeland van Gilst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Steam Chamber ◽  
Reservoir Compaction

Time-lapse interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) remote sensing methods of surface deformation have proven their use in desert environments. The data are acquired frequently without the need to send personnel or equipment into the field. The quality and accuracy of the data is very high. The spatial resolution of the data is excellent and matches that of surface seismic data. These characteristics make the data well suited for a variety of time-lapse monitoring tasks. In this study, we describe the accuracy of the InSAR technique relative to other measurements such as the global positioning system and precise leveling (acquired at known stable locations). We illustrate two case studies of differing natures. In one case, gas production leads to reservoir compaction, which is tracked as surface subsidence with time using frequent InSAR data. The results are used to map zones of increased deformation and identify areas with localized changes. These insights are being used to influence decisions on new wells and well interventions, to provide support for management of facility integrity, and to advise building code and material selection that can withstand the expected rate of deformation. The second case of a shallow steam flood illustrates the use of InSAR data to identify areas of surface uplift following thermal expansion of the reservoir. These data are also used to support the monitoring of the steam chamber growth and confinement in the reservoir. The information from InSAR will become more valuable for reservoir management when the steam chamber matures and conventional downhole data acquisition consequently becomes challenging. In summary, oil and gas fields located in arid environments lend themselves well to remote sensing using the InSAR technique because (1) they are sizeable (from tens to hundreds of square kilometers); (2) they are free from vegetation, snow cover, and most atmospheric distortions, although cloud and pollution can affect the data quality; and (3) they benefit from highly repeatable long-term regular monitoring.

Time Lapse (4D) Seismic for Reservoir Management: Case Studies from Offshore Niger Delta, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Oluleye Amoyedo ◽  
Emmanuel Ekut ◽  
Rasaki Salami ◽  
Liliana Goncalves-Ferreira ◽  
Pascal Desegaulx
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Reservoir Management ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
4D Seismic

scholarly journals Snow depth estimation by time-lapse photography: Finnish and Italian case studies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bongio ◽  
Ali Nadir Arslan ◽  
Cemal Melih Tanis ◽  
Carlo De Michele
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Time Lapse Photography

Abstract. We explored the potentiality of time-lapse photography method to estimate the snow depth in boreal forested and alpine regions. Historically, the snow depth has been measured manually by rulers or snowboards, with a temporal resolution of once per day, and a time-consuming activity. In the last decades, ultrasonic and/or optical sensors have been developed to obtain automatic measurements with higher temporal resolution and accuracy, defining a network of sensors within each country. The Finnish Meteorological Institute Image processing tool (FMIPROT) is used to retrieve the snow depth from images of a snow stake on the ground collected by cameras. An “ad-hoc” algorithm based on the brightness difference between snowpack and stake’s markers has been developed. We illustrated three case studies (case study 1-Sodankylä Peatland, case study 2-Gressoney la Trinitè Dejola, and case study 3-Careser dam) to highlight potentialities and pitfalls of the method. The proposed method provides, respect to the existing methods, new possibilities and advantages in the estimation of snow depth, which can be summarized as follows: 1) retrieving the snow depth at high temporal resolution, and an accuracy comparable to the most common method (manual measurements); 2) errors or misclassifications can be identified simply with a visual observation of the images; 3) estimating the spatial variability of snow depth by placing more than one snow stake on the camera’s view; 4) concerning the well-known under catch problem of instrumental pluviometer, occurring especially in mountain regions, the snow water equivalent can be corrected using high-temporal digital images; 5) the method enables retrieval of snow depth in avalanche, dangerous and inaccessible sites, where there is in general a lack of data; 6) the method is cheap, reliable, flexible and easily extendible in different environments and applications. We analyzed cases in which this method can fail due to poor visibility conditions or obstruction on the camera’s view. Defining a simple procedure based on ensemble of simulations and a post processing correction we can reproduce a snow depth time series without biases. Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) are calculated for all three case studies comparing with both estimates from the FMIPROT and visual observations of images. For the case studies, we found NSE = 0.917 , 0.963, 0.916 respectively for Sodankylä, Gressoney and Careser. In terms of accuracy, the first case study gave better results (RMSE equal to 3.951 · 10−2 m, 5.242 · 10−2 m, 10.78 · 10−2 m, respectively). The worst performances occurred at Careser dam located at 2600 m a.s.l. where extreme weather conditions occur, strongly affecting the clarity of the images. For Sodankylä case study, we showed that the proposed method can improve the measurements obtained by a Campbell snow depth ultrasonic sensor. According to results, we provided also useful information about the proper geometrical configuration stake-camera and the related parameters, which allow to retrieve reliable snow depth time series.

scholarly journals Snow depth time series retrieval by time-lapse photography: Finnish and Italian case studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-387
Author(s):  
Marco Bongio ◽  
Ali Nadir Arslan ◽  
Cemal Melih Tanis ◽  
Carlo De Michele
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Time Lapse Photography

Abstract. The capability of time-lapse photography to retrieve snow depth time series was tested. Historically, snow depth has been measured manually by rulers, with a temporal resolution of once per day, and it is a time-consuming activity. In the last few decades, ultrasonic and/or optical sensors have been developed to obtain automatic and regular measurements with higher temporal resolution and accuracy. The Finnish Meteorological Institute Image Processing Toolbox (FMIPROT) has been used to retrieve the snow depth time series from camera images of a snow stake on the ground by implementing an algorithm based on the brightness difference and contour detection. Three case studies have been illustrated to highlight potentialities and pitfalls of time-lapse photography in retrieving the snow depth time series: Sodankylä peatland, a boreal forested site in Finland, and Gressoney-La-Trinité Dejola and Careser Dam, two alpine sites in Italy. This study presents new possibilities and advantages in the retrieval of snow depth in general and snow depth time series specifically, which can be summarized as follows: (1) high temporal resolution – hourly or sub-hourly time series, depending on the camera's scan rate; (2) high accuracy levels – comparable to the most common method (manual measurements); (3) reliability and visual identification of errors or misclassifications; (4) low-cost solution; and (5) remote sensing technique – can be easily extended in remote and dangerous areas. The proper geometrical configuration between camera and stake, highlighting the main characteristics which each single component must have, has been proposed. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSEs) were calculated for all three case studies comparing with estimates from both the FMIPROT and visual inspection of images directly. The NSE values were 0.917, 0.963 and 0.916, while RMSEs were 0.039, 0.052 and 0.108 m for Sodankylä, Gressoney and Careser, respectively. In terms of accuracy, the Sodankylä case study gave better results. The worst performances occurred at Careser Dam located at 2600 m a.s.l., where extreme weather conditions and a low temporal resolution of the camera occur, strongly affecting the clarity of the images.

scholarly journals Production Allocation: Rosetta Stone or Red Herring? Best Practices for Understanding Produced Oils in Resource Plays

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Craig D. Barrie ◽  
Catherine M. Donohue ◽  
J. Alex Zumberge ◽  
John E. Zumberge
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Production Allocation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rock Characterization ◽  
End Members

The production of crude oil from resource plays has increased enormously over the past decade. In the USA, around 63% of total output in 2019 was from unconventional production. The major unconventional plays in the USA (e.g., Permian Basin, Anadarko Basin, Eagle Ford, etc.) have become some of the world’s largest oil producers. However, unlike “conventional” exploitation, the target zones in unconventional systems are generally the source rocks themselves or adjacent strata and require numerous horizontal wells and stimulation via hydraulic fracturing to meet production targets. In order to maximize production, operators have developed various well stacking methods, all of which require some form of monitoring to ensure that well spacing is optimized and fluid production is not being “stolen” from adjacent formations, thereby reducing the production potential in associated wells. This necessity, amongst other geochemical considerations related to source rock characterization, has resulted in the expansion of “production allocation” and “time lapse geochemistry” methods. These methods were initially developed for conventional production decades ago, but have since been adapted to unconventional systems. However, the direct applicability of this method is not straightforward and numerous considerations need to be taken into account, foremost among which are: (1) “What defines your end-members?” (2) “Are these end-members valid across a meaningful development area?” and (3) “What is the most appropriate use of geochemistry data in these systems?”. Reservoir geochemistry studies, which include both “time lapse geochemistry/production monitoring” and “production allocation”, are valuable geochemical methods in unconventional plays but need to be used appropriately to provide the cost savings and business direction that operators expect. In this paper, we will discuss a number of case studies, both theoretical and natural, and outline the important factors which need to be considered when designing a reservoir geochemistry study and the common pitfalls which exist. The case studies and best practice approach discussed are designed to highlight the power and flexibility of geochemical data collection methods, integration with the operator’s knowledgebase, and other analytical methods to customize the program for individual development programs. Emphasis is placed upon developing robust and applicable fluid relationships from geochemical data and evidence for statistically significant changes through time.

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