Application Of E-Line Based Elctro-Mechanical Hydraulic Tool For Gas Lift Valve Change-Out In High Angle And high Casing Pressure Well

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dody Cahyadi
Keyword(s):  
High Angle ◽  
Casing Pressure ◽  
Gas Lift

A Field Test and Analytical Study of Intermittent Gas Lift

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 502-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Neely ◽  
J.W. Montgomery ◽  
J.V. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Montgomery County ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Time Decay ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Liquid Slug ◽  
Valve Stem ◽  
Casing Pressure ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Gas Lift

Abstract A series of controlled experiments of intermittent gas life were carried out in an instrumented well in the Conroe field, Montgomery County, Tex. The well was equipped with seven pressure transducers over the length of the tubing string so that progress of the lifted slug of liquid could be followed up the tubing. Unique to the experimental setup was a surface-controlled, bottom-hole hydraulic valve that allowed for letting a liquid load into the tubing, closing the valve, and isolating the well from the controlled test. Thus, individual intermittent slugs could be studied independent of the well performance. A wide range of slug sizes and injection gas volumes was covered in the 52 test runs.Understanding the action of the gas-life valve is quite important in predicting intermittent-gas-lift performance. Gas-Lift valve action depends somewhat performance. Gas-Lift valve action depends somewhat on the pressure and forces acting upon the stem of the valve. Gas-life literature has assumed that this pressure is equal to the pressure in the casing once pressure is equal to the pressure in the casing once the valve opens. Tests carried out as a result of valve action seen in the instrumented well clearly indicate that this assumption is not valid. Some pressure between the casing pressure and the tubing pressure between the casing pressure and the tubing pressure will exist on the valve stem when the valve pressure will exist on the valve stem when the valve is open; and it is extremely important to be aware of this in predicting valve action. Some design techniques predict the amount of solid liquid slug that will be predict the amount of solid liquid slug that will be brought to the surface and assume that any additional liquid produced in the afterflow of gas will be negligible. It was observed in these tests that a significant portion of the liquid produced at the surface sometimes as much as 50 percent was contributed by this afterflow there will be a considerable discrepancy between predicted and actual results.Liquid recovery from individual runs did not correlate directly with any of the measured parameters. However, it appears that the amount of the liquid slug that is not produced can be correlated with the average gas velocity produced can be correlated with the average gas velocity below the slug. Since the starting slug size is known, the correlation can be used as a predictive technique in intermittent-gas-lift design. The design method has been compared with a field test. Introduction Although intermittent gas lift has been used for artificial lift in oil wells for many years, little concrete technology has been developed for it. Design methods and behavior predictions are as much an art as a science. There have predictions are as much an art as a science. There have been two major attempts to remedy the situation. White et al. attempted to analyze the motion of a finite slug of liquid propelled to the surface by gas injected at high pressure underneath. Supporting their premise by a modicum pressure underneath. Supporting their premise by a modicum of experimentation, they published results in the form of design curves. Brown and Jessen, on the other hand, attempted no analytical solution, but did extensive field testing to develop an empirical foundation for intermittent-gas-lift technology. Unfortunately, there was considerable discrepancy in the results of the two studies.To improve the technology in intermittent gas lift, Shell Oil Co, ran a series of controlled experiments in a gas-life well in the Conroe Field, Montgomery County, Tex. The well instrumentation necessary to carry out the tests is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. (The instrumentation technology was provided by B. C. Sheffield of Shell Development Co.)To predict intermittent-lift behavior, analytical methods are needed to calculate the time rate behavior of the casing gas pressure and volume, the flow of gas through a gas-lift valve, the velocity with which a liquid slug will be raised to the surface by this gas, the amount of liquid that will be produced at the surface and the amount left behind, the pressure gradients during the process, and the time decay pressure gradients during the process, and the time decay curve for the blowdown of gas pressure after the slug has surfaced. None of these functions is independent of the others and all must be considered simultaneously in predicting lift behavior. SPEJ p. 502

Increasing Oil Production by Gas Lift Injection Point Detection Based on Well Test Data: Field Experience in the Handil Field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Andari
Keyword(s):  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Well Testing ◽  
Well Test ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Injection Point ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Casing Pressure ◽  
Gas Lift

The Handil field is one of the mature fields in the Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This field is widely known as an oil producer for more than 40 years with peak production of 180,000 BOPD in 1977 and has been challenging in terms of oil production decline ever since. Today, this field delivers ~16,000 BOPD from 115 active wells with more than 90% of oil production coming from gas lifted wells. Therefore, evaluating gas lift performance is very crucial to maintain hydrocarbon production of the field. As a gas lift well is produced, it is common to find gas lift unloader damage, sealing element problems, or even leaks at the tubing due to aging of equipment that degrades the gas lift performance. This paper explains the use of well testing data on investigating the performance of gas lift by estimating gas lift injection depth. The best fit vertical lift correlation should be chosen to represent actual pressure profile of the wells inside the tubing and annulus casing pressure. Estimated injection point is derived from gas lift unloader valve opening status or meeting point between tubing and casing pressure profile. The calculation was done using computational simulation and was applied for every flowing gas lifted well in an integrated module. Based on the simulation, wells that were found to encounter behavior anomalies requested to perform P-T (pressure temperature) + spinner surveys to confirm leak points prior to leak isolations. Based on 3 proven leak cases, it is confirmed that estimated gas lift injection point from simulation versus production logging survey are in line. In 2019, we had 6 gas lift well cases that were confirmed to have a leak and continued with a leak isolation program. After these wells were put back into production, it gave cumulative oil production of up to almost 100,000 Bbls oil. The high success rates of this method verifies the applicability of this effective approach to maintain gas lift performance and is easy to replicate for others PSC companies.

High-Angle Gas Lift Valve Removal and Replacement in a Single Run

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayes Chow ◽  
John Wade Condio ◽  
Jerome Daniel Herrmann ◽  
Jeremy Albright ◽  
Leighton Burley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Angle ◽  
Gas Lift

Achieving Operational Excellence for Gas Lift Modeling in High Angle Wells with Multidisiplinary Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sajjad
Keyword(s):  
Flow Instability ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Flow Assurance ◽  
Reservoir Pressure ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
Gas Lift ◽  
Deviated Wells

High angle wells are compulsory in offshore fields. These types of wells require better understanding on flow assurance dynamics and better planning on well intervention to ensure their operational efficiency. It is important to note that several wells have been experiencing severe production decline even though the current reservoir pressure is still high. In order to have a comprehensive understanding on liquid fallback, a transient fluid flow approach has been employed to investigate multiphase flow during gas lift operations. The simulation presents a 3-dimensional, time-based output that can simulate liquid fallback or severe slugging in pipe as a function of pipe diameter, gas lift valve placement, injected gas rate, and reservoir pressure that can address the flow assurance dynamics. The results from this research can be developed as an additional technical consideration before designing a gas lift system in highly deviated wells. Consideration on the placement of gas lift valves are also paramount in these cases, mainly avoiding places with flow instability or regions with sudden velocity changes. Results from the study, combined with well based performance are then compiled as a general guidance for the contractor to design a gas lift system on the basis of reservoir parameters such as Productivity Index, liquid viscosity and density, well deviation and trajectory, and gas supply to ensure operational and design excellence on gas lift design for deviated wells. Transient based simulation improved completion and gas lift design modification in the Lima Field, where higher and stable liquid production from daily production monitoring resulted in less well intervention from these wells.

Measurement of the Displacement Across a Coincidence Grain Boundary

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
J. W. Matthews ◽  
W. M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Stacking Fault ◽  
The Other ◽  
Measuring Technique ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Twin Boundaries ◽  
Rigid Displacement ◽  
Cubic Crystals ◽  
Lattice Displacement

Many high-angle grain boundaries in cubic crystals are thought to be either coincidence boundaries (1) or coincidence boundaries to which grain boundary dislocations have been added (1,2). Calculations of the arrangement of atoms inside coincidence boundaries suggest that the coincidence lattice will usually not be continuous across a coincidence boundary (3). There will usually be a rigid displacement of the lattice on one side of the boundary relative to that on the other. This displacement gives rise to a stacking fault in the coincidence lattice.Recently, Pond (4) and Smith (5) have measured the lattice displacement at coincidence boundaries in aluminum. We have developed (6) an alternative to the measuring technique used by them, and have used it to find two of the three components of the displacement at {112} lateral twin boundaries in gold. This paper describes our method and presents a brief account of the results we have obtained.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

Observations of dislocation interactions with recrystallized grain boundaries

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 628-629
Author(s):  
C. W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Dislocation Structure ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Static Recrystallization ◽  
High Dislocation Density ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Dislocation Interactions

Little evidence exists on the interaction of individual dislocations with recrystallized grain boundaries, primarily because of the severely overlapping contrast of the high dislocation density usually present during recrystallization. Interesting evidence of such interaction, Fig. 1, was discovered during examination of some old work on the hot deformation of Al-4.64 Cu. The specimen was deformed in a programmable thermomechanical instrument at 527 C and a strain rate of 25 cm/cm/s to a strain of 0.7. Static recrystallization occurred during a post anneal of 23 s also at 527 C. The figure shows evidence of dissociation of a subboundary at an intersection with a recrystallized high-angle grain boundary. At least one set of dislocations appears to be out of contrast in Fig. 1, and a grainboundary precipitate also is visible. Unfortunately, only subgrain sizes were of interest at the time the micrograph was recorded, and no attempt was made to analyze the dislocation structure.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

High-angle electron scattering from amorphous silicon

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
M. Libera ◽  
J.A. Ott ◽  
K. Siangchaew ◽  
L. Tsung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Fast Electrons ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Stem Image ◽  
Amorphous Si ◽  
Thermal Vibrations

Channeling occurs when fast electrons follow atomic strings in a crystal where there is a minimum in the potential energy (1). Channeling has a strong effect on high-angle scattering. Deviations in atomic position along a channel due to structural defects or thermal vibrations increase the probability of scattering (2-5). Since there are no extended channels in an amorphous material the question arises: for a given material with constant thickness, will the high-angle scattering be higher from a crystal or a glass?Figure la shows a HAADF STEM image collected using a Philips CM20 FEG TEM/STEM with inner and outer collection angles of 35mrad and lOOmrad. The specimen (6) was a cross section of singlecrystal Si containing: amorphous Si (region A), defective Si containing many stacking faults (B), two coherent Ge layers (CI; C2), and a contamination layer (D). CBED patterns (fig. lb), PEELS spectra, and HAADF signals (fig. lc) were collected at 106K and 300K along the indicated line.

Comparison of high-angle take-off and low-angle take-off EDX detector geometry of the HF-2000 FE-TEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Y. Sato ◽  
T. Hashimoto ◽  
M. Ichihashi ◽  
Y. Ueki ◽  
K. Hirose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Geometry

Analytical TEMs have two variations in x-ray detector geometry, high and low angle take off. The high take off angle is advantageous for accuracy of quantitative analysis, because the x rays are less absorbed when they go through the sample. The low take off angle geometry enables better sensitivity because of larger detector solid angle.Hitachi HF-2000 cold field emission TEM has two versions; high angle take off and low angle take off. The former allows an energy dispersive x-ray detector above the objective lens. The latter allows the detector beside the objective lens. The x-ray take off angle is 68° for the high take off angle with the specimen held at right angles to the beam, and 22° for the low angle take off. The solid angle is 0.037 sr for the high angle take off, and 0.12 sr for the low angle take off, using a 30 mm2 detector.

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