scholarly journals MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF ENDOSULFAN IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Ismail ◽  
A.O.S. Enoma
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Endosulfan Sulphate

A study of the degradation of endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro – 1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a –hexahydro – 6, 9- methano – 2, 4, 3 – benzodioxanthiepin 3 – oxide) in Malaysian sandy loam and clay soils was carried out using a radioisotopic technique under laboratory conditions. It was demonstrated that endosulfan possessed long half-lives of 433, 495 and 462 days in aerobic sandy loam, aerobic clay and anaerobic clay soils respectively. Endosulfan degrades faster in non-sterile than in sterile soils. This study indicates that microorganisms are involved in the degradation of endosulfan. In general, degradation of the pesticide was relatively higher in the clay soil than in the sandy soil. Apart from the parent compounds, α- and β-isomers, the degradation products include endosulfan sulphate and three minor unidentified products. 

scholarly journals Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linnaeus, 1753)) roots aqueous extract and some additives against Bactrocera zonata (Saunders, 1841) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2 - Ahead of print) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Mervat Abdel-Moneauim Mostafa El-Genaidy ◽  
Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Mohamed Hindy ◽  
Nehad Abdel-Hameed Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Bactrocera Zonata ◽  
Light Mineral ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders, 1841) is a destructive polyphagous pest threatening the horticultural production in Egypt. Licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linnaeus, 1753) is a plant growing in Egypt and many other countries and famous for saponins groups that have insecticidal effect against broad spectrum of insect pests. In the present study, the insecticidal effect of licorice roots aqueous extract (LRAE), petroleum oil, KZ light mineral oil 96% (EC), water and an emulsion (1/4 L LRAE + ¼ L petroleum oil + ½ L KZ light oil 96% (EC)) treatments in a ratio 1 L: 29 L water were used in Matabi® sprayer of 30 L capacity against B. zonata pupae in sandy and clay soils. In sandy and clay soils LRAE reduced B. zonata population by 74.44% and 87.55% while petroleum oil, KZ light mineral oil 96% (EC) prevented flies emergence (100% reduction). Water treatment suppressed B. zonata population by 78.61% in sandy soil but caused 100% population reduction in clay soil. The emulsion reduced B. zonata population by 96.94% in sandy soil and 100% in clay soil. The best method for application of the emulsion was to spray as one target spray technique for eight seconds that was sufficient to obtain suitable coverage on soil with spray speed 1.2 km / hour. The persistence of the emulsion that highly reduced B. zonata larval populations was 3.5 and 4.5 days in sandy and clay soils, respectively. The flies emerged from B. zonata pupae treated with the emulsion neither feed nor move naturally. The histological studies showed that these flies suffered changes in the eyes, labellum, muscles and midgut tissues that were different from the emerged control treatment flies.

Effects of water stress and soil type on photosynthesis, leaf water potential and yield of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali Sfax)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ben Rouina ◽  
A. Trigui ◽  
R. d'Andria ◽  
M. Boukhris ◽  
M. Chaïeb
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Olive Trees

In Tunisia, olives are grown under severe rain-fed, arid conditions. To determine the behaviour of olive trees (cv. Chemlali Sfax) during the severe drought affecting Tunisian arid areas in 2002, a range of physiological parameters were investigated in three adjacent orchards. Two olive orchards were rain-fed, one located on a sandy soil, and the other on a sandy-loam clay soil. A third orchard was also located on sandy soil, but received remedial irrigation (415 mm of water per year; ~40% of olive evapotranspiration). Predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) did not fall below –1.52 MPa for irrigated olive trees. However, a large decrease in Ψpd was observed for rain-fed olive trees in the same period with Ψpd measured at about –3.2 MPa on sandy soil and –3.6 MPa on sandy-loam clay soil. At the same time, the minimal leaf water potential recorded at midday (Ψmin) decreased to –4.15 MPa and –4.71 MPa in the rain-fed trees for sandy and sandy-loam clay soil, respectively. For irrigated trees, the Ψmin was –1.95 MPa. These results were associated with relative water content, which varied from 80% for irrigated trees to 54 and 43.6%, respectively, for rain-fed trees and trees subjected to severe drought. In August, when the relative water content values were less than 50%, a progressive desiccation in the outer layer of canopy and death of terminal shoots were observed in trees, which grew on the sandy-loam clay soil. Furthermore, low soil water availability also affected (negatively) the net photosynthetic rate in rain-fed orchards (10.3 µmol/m2.s for irrigated trees v. 5.3 µmol/m2.s in rain-fed trees on sandy soil) and stomatal conductance (98.5 mmol/m2.s v. 69.3 mmol/m2.s). However, it improved water use efficiency (7.6 v. 4.7 µmol CO2/mmol H2O), which increased by more than 50% in both groups of rain-fed trees compared with the irrigated ones. We can conclude that olive trees respond to drought by showing significant changes in their physiological and biological mechanisms. These results also help our understanding of how olive trees cope with water stress in the field and how marginal soils can restrict growth and lower yields.

Effects of some soil conditions on sugar-beet seedling emergence

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Longden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Water Holding

SUMMARYSeven soil conditioners added to a sandy clay soil at Saxmundham did not benefit sugar-beet seedling emergence in four experiments in 3 years. In microplots at Broom's Barn free draining peat and sandy loam gave consistently more seedlings than limestone loam or flinty loam. In the laboratory, for each of three soil types, emergence was maximal only for a small soil moisture range and decreased rapidly when soils became drier or wetter. This suggests that conditioners which increase water-holding capacity should be tested on sandy loams rather than clay soils and that seed-bed preparation on heavier soils should seek to aerate the soil.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of soil samples before NO3-N analysis.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
T. Breimer ◽  
J.H.G. Slangen
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Room Temperature Storage ◽  
N Level ◽  
Temperature Storage ◽  
Long Storage

Storage of sandy, loam and clay soil samples at 35 deg C or 70 deg C for 2-3 days reduced the NO3-N level in the soils. Freezing (-20 deg C), refrigeration (-4 deg C) or storage at room temperature for 2-3 days had little effect on NO3-N levels, although low or room temperature storage for 2 months increased NO3-N levels in the loam and clay soils. Freezing or refrigeration of the sandy soil for 2 months reduced NO3-N levels, while long storage at room temperature markedly increased NO3-N levels in this highly organic soil. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

A scaled-up Seinhorst elutriator for extraction of cyst nematodes from soil

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Been ◽  
Thea van Beers ◽  
Petra van Bekkum ◽  
Annelies Beniers
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Large Soil

AbstractIn order to process large soil samples containing potato cyst nematodes, the Seinhorst (1964) cyst elutriator was scaled up to process both sandy and marine-clay soils in batches of up to 2.5 kg. Several modifications were implemented. To maintain the required upward current of 3.01 min−1, an inflow of 8.01 min−1 was necessary in the enlarged, 7.5 cm diam. sedimentation tube. Also water inflow is now regulated using a flow meter with pressuriser. Several experiments were undertaken, using artificial sandy soil and marine-clay soil, both naturally infested with potato cyst nematodes. In the final experiment, using the 8.01 min−1 inflow for 4 min, there was a loss of 0.65% and 0.74% of cysts, and eggs and juveniles, respectively. This indicates that the yield (99%) of the scaled-up elutriator matches that of the original Seinhorst elutriator and, therefore, is suitable for statutory and scientific research.

scholarly journals Effect of Floating Bridges on Velocity Distribution

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. Ibrahim ◽  
Mohamed A. Hassan ◽  
Adnan D. Ghanim
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Floating Bridge ◽  
Floating Bridges ◽  
Soil Changes

To ensure the stability of the bottom under the floating bridges according to the worst conditions, our study aims to determine the height and width and bearing the floating bridge to ensure the safety of origin with a high security factor. Our study determines the amount of damage under the floating bridge to be treated by a treatment method. We have used a practical model for a water channel and standard dimensions cut by the floating bridge connecting the two ends of the channel and when studying the erosion under the floating bridges and the possibility of maintaining the floating bridges without damage to the structure and perimeter of the bridge (bridge width, maximum load, bridge height, water depth in the channel with a factor Security This study examines the effect of floating bridges on the bottom by designing a model of a channel with a floating bridge and selecting a variable earth and sand floor. We conducted one hundred and sixty-eight experiments to examine the five variables (water depth in the channel, bridge width, loads on the bridge, soil type) Bottom, flow). We observed the effect of these five variables on topography of the bottom of the floating bridge. Experiments were conducted without a bridge and we observed erosion after laying the bridge, we noticed the erosion and sediment that occurred before and below and after the floating bridge and the effect of the bridge on it. We observed the type of positive and inverse relations between the variables mentioned. We took the loads on the bridge, the width of the bridge, the depth of the water and the drainage with a safety factor, as well as ensuring that the appearance of the channel and maintain the geometry of the channel. We put floating loads on the floating bridge to see a load. We used several models to view the floating bridge and made the water depth in the channel change more than once. We also made three different discharges. Finally, we used two types of soil and we recorded the durability and the worst conditions. The effect discharge, by (100% .64%, 45%) The velocity in the sandy soil changes (100%, 42%,38%) and the velocity in clay soil changes (100%,59%,41%) As well as change the width of the bridge by (100%, 85%,71%)velocity changes by (80%,82%,100%) for sandy soil and the ratio of clay soil to (90%,95%,100%) As well as weight change by (100% ,83%,66%)the rate of velocity in the sandy soil to (100%,78%,61%) also change the velocity in clay soils to (100%,68%,62%) as well as depth change  (100%,87%,75%)The speed in the sandy soil changes to (50%,75%,100%)  and also changes in clay soils by (71%,78%,100%) Thus, we have a knowledge of the rates of change and the effect of each variable on velocity. Therefore, we can draw up a plan to address erosion and sedimentation in the watercourse. Moreover, identify the expected challenges of (overload, flooding, deterioration, foot and aging as well as the structural strength of the bridge gradually decreasing with the foot.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effectiveness of Zn Acetate and Oxide as Alternatives for Corn and Soybean Seed Treatment in Sandy and Clay Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Matheus Gomes Nirschl ◽  
Risely Ferraz De Almeida ◽  
Eduardo Zavaschi ◽  
Lílian Angélica Moreira ◽  
Godofredo César Vitti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Zn Accumulation

Zinc (Zn) is the micronutrient with the lowest availability in agricultural soils, and consequently 50 % of the world’s soils present Zn deficient. To test the viability of alternative Zn sources (Zn acetate and Zn oxide) to corn and soybean seed treatments, we ran an experiment using these two alternatives at contrasting application rates (0; 0.25; 0.50; 0.76 and 1.01 g kg-1) applied to soybean and corn seeds that were subsequently sowed in sandy and clay soils. We measured: Zn accumulation, dry matter and germination, and analyzed this data using uni (LSD-test) and multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA). Results of the PCA showed that the sandy soil yielded higher dry matter and Zn accumulation than the clay soil. The corn provided higher dry matter while the soybean showed enhanced Zn accumulation and germination. The LSD test showed that corn presented positive Zn accumulation in response to Zn rates in both sandy and clay soil. For soybeans, this effect was only observed in sandy soil, while the clay soil presented decreases in dry matter and germination due to Zn rates. Overall, our findings reveal that both Zn acetate and Zn oxide are viable alternatives for supplying Zn to corn seed treatment in sandy and clay soil, and to soybean seed treatment in sandy soil. We suggest that more research should be undertaken to understand the response of soybean seed treatments to Zn supply, especially in clay soil.

Effect of soil type on burrowing behavior and cocoon formation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Burrowing Behaviour ◽  
Burrowing Behavior

This study examined the effect of soil type on burrowing behaviour and cocoon formation during aestivation in the green-striped burrowing frog, Cyclorana alboguttata (Günther, 1867). Given a choice, frogs always chose to burrow in wet sand in preference to wet clay. Frogs buried themselves faster and dug deeper burrows in sandy soil. However, under my laboratory conditions, there was little difference in the pattern of soil drying between the two soil types. Frogs in both sand and clay soil experienced hydrating conditions for the first 3 months and dehydrating conditions for the last 3 months of the 6-month aestivation period, and cocoons were not formed until after 3 months of aestivation. After 6 months, there were more layers in the cocoons of frogs aestivating in sand than those aestivating in clay. Frogs were able to absorb water from sandy soil with water potentials greater than –400 kPa, but lost water when placed on sand with a water potential of –1000 kPa.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on basic exchangeable cations of soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Incubation Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Net Release ◽  
Made In

The effect of liming on the basic exchangeable cations in a sand, a heavy clay and a muddy clay soil was studied with a 9 month’s incubation experiment under laboratory conditions. Besides, observations were made in connection with some other incubation and field experiments. It was found that application of CaCO3 in amounts which reduced the acidity to about pH 7. decreased the content of exchangeable Mg in all experiments, and even a lower application effectively prevented any net release of nonexchangeable Mg which occurred in the muddy clay samples incubated without lime. Some fixation of K was also usually detected, but liming increased the amount of exchangeable Na. Essential differences apparently exist between the mechanisms of the retention of Mg and K induced by liming: Significantly lower amounts of Mg was extracted by 0.5 HCI from the limed samples of the heavy clay and muddy clay soil than from the original ones, while the contrary was true with K. The mechanisms connected with the Mg fixation were discussed. Attention was paid to the possibility that the usually poor Mg supporting ability of Finnish muddy clay soils may be partly connected with the heavy liming necessary for the cultivation of these acid soils.

Piggery pond sludge as a nitrogen source for crops 2. Assay of wet and stockpiled piggery pond sludge by successive cereal crops or direct measurement of soil available N

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kliese ◽  
W. M. Strong ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
N. W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Crop N Uptake

The appropriate use of wastes is a significant issue for the pig industry due to increasing pressure from regulatory authorities to protect the environment from pollution. Nitrogen contained in piggery pond sludge (PPS) is a potential source of supplementary nutrient for crop production. Nitrogen contribution following the application of PPS to soil was obtained from 2 field experiments on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland on contrasting soil types, a cracking clay (Vertosol) and a hardsetting sandy loam (Sodosol), and related to potentially mineralisable N from laboratory incubations conducted under controlled conditions and NO3– accumulation in the field. Piggery pond sludge was applied as-collected (wet PPS) and following stockpiling to dry (stockpiled PPS). Soil NO3– levels increased with increased application rates of wet and stockpiled PPS. Supplementary N supply from PPS estimated by fertiliser equivalence was generally unsatisfactory due to poor precision with this method, and also due to a high level of NO3– in the clay soil before the first assay crop. Also low recoveries of N by subsequent sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) assay crops at the 2 sites due to low in-crop rainfall in 1999 resulted in low apparent N availability. Over all, 29% (range 12–47%) of total N from the wet PPS and 19% (range 0–50%) from the stockpiled PPS were estimated to be plant-available N during the assay period. The high concentration of NO3- for the wet PPS application on sandy soil after the first assay crop (1998 barley, Hordeum vulgare) suggests that leaching of NO3– could be of concern when high rates of wet PPS are applied before infrequent periods of high precipitation, due primarily to the mineral N contained in wet PPS. Low yields, grain protein concentrations, and crop N uptake of the sorghum crop following the barley crop grown on the clay soil demonstrated a low residual value of N applied in PPS. NO3– in the sandy soil before sowing accounted for 79% of the variation in plant N uptake and was a better index than anaerobically mineralisable N (19% of variation explained). In clay soil, better prediction of crop N uptake was obtained when both anaerobically mineralisable N (39% of variation explained) and soil profile NO3– were used in combination (R2 = 0.49).

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