Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to glycaemic carbohydrates and maintenance of normal brain function pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006

Just as ‘no man is an island’, despite its misleading name, the insula is not an island. Sitting deeply within the cerebrum, the insular cortex and its connections play an important role in both normal brain function and seizure generation. Stimulating specific areas of the insula can produce somatosensory, viscerosensory, somatomotor and visceroautonomic symptoms, as well as effects on speech processing and pain. Insular onset seizures are rare, but may mimic both temporal and extra-temporal epilepsy and if not recognised, may lead to failure of epilepsy surgery. We therefore highlight the semiology of insular epilepsy by discussing three cases with different auras. Insular onset seizures can broadly be divided into three main types both anatomically and according to seizure semiology:1. Seizures originating in the antero-inferior insula present with laryngeal constriction, along with visceral and gustatory auras (similar to those originating in medial temporal structures).2. Antero-superior onset seizures can have a silent onset, but tend to propagate rapidly to motor areas causing focal motor or hypermotor seizures.3. Seizures originating in the posterior insula present with contralateral sensory symptoms.

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Amyloid β-Peptide and Central Cholinergic Neurons: Involvement in Normal Brain Function and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology

Abeta Peptide and Alzheimer’s Disease ◽

10.1007/978-1-84628-440-3_10 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 159-178

Author(s):

Satyabrata Karn ◽

Z. Wei ◽

David MacTavish ◽

Doreen Kabogo ◽

Mee-Sook Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Brain Function ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Cholinergic Neurons ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Amyloid Β Peptide ◽

Normal Brain Function

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What is the effect of body’s chemical messengers in the brain?

Letters in Applied NanoBioScience ◽

10.33263/lianbs83.613618 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 613-618

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Brain Function ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Active Sites ◽

Geometry Optimization ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Delivery Technique ◽

Normal Brain Function ◽

Practical Model ◽

The Brain

Neurochemical transmitters in the brain are fundamental to normal brain function and this investigation aims to introduce a study on the center of neuroscientific through an account of language development which conducts human speech mechanism using theoretical methods. In the process of this work, new understanding has been gained from the neurochemistry of several important neurotransmitters of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EN), norepinephrine (NE), histamine (HA) and serotonin (ST) in brain by Monte Carlo simulation (MC) which uses the increased temperature to the potential energy of the neurochemicals in the brain considering the geometry optimization of the compounds as an additional conformational level. Moreover, the results of optimized DA, EN, NE, HA, ST neurochemical transmitters by running the physicochemical parameters as a practical model using Gaussian 09 program package can approve the twisting of language-brain due to these structures using density electron deliverers. The most stable of these compounds through the active sites of nitrogen and oxygen atoms has illustrated the best optimized position for localizing the structure through delivery technique in the brain to activate the center of learning a language as a simulated model. So, the best results with the calculated amounts conduct us to analyze the perspective of language learning process and enhancing this ability.

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Resolving rates of mutation in the brain using single-neuron genomics

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.12966 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Gilad D Evrony ◽

Eunjung Lee ◽

Peter J Park ◽

Christopher A Walsh

Keyword(s):

Single Cell ◽

Somatic Mutation ◽

Brain Function ◽

Single Neuron ◽

Bioinformatic Analysis ◽

Normal Brain ◽

Neuronal Function ◽

Human Neurons ◽

Normal Brain Function ◽

The Brain

Whether somatic mutations contribute functional diversity to brain cells is a long-standing question. Single-neuron genomics enables direct measurement of somatic mutation rates in human brain and promises to answer this question. A recent study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">Upton et al., 2015</xref>) reported high rates of somatic LINE-1 element (L1) retrotransposition in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex that would have major implications for normal brain function, and suggested that these events preferentially impact genes important for neuronal function. We identify aspects of the single-cell sequencing approach, bioinformatic analysis, and validation methods that led to thousands of artifacts being interpreted as somatic mutation events. Our reanalysis supports a mutation frequency of approximately 0.2 events per cell, which is about fifty-fold lower than reported, confirming that L1 elements mobilize in some human neurons but indicating that L1 mosaicism is not ubiquitous. Through consideration of the challenges identified, we provide a foundation and framework for designing single-cell genomics studies.

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