scholarly journals Reasoned opinion on the modification of the existing MRL(s) for bifenazate in citrus fruit, pome fruit, stone fruit, grapes, hops, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, aubergines, melons and watermelons

EFSA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Stone

scholarly journals Genomic, Morphological and Biological Traits of the Viruses Infecting Major Fruit Trees

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umer ◽  
Jiwen Liu ◽  
Huafeng You ◽  
Chuan Xu ◽  
Kaili Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yield Quality

Banana trees, citrus fruit trees, pome fruit trees, grapevines, mango trees, and stone fruit trees are major fruit trees cultured worldwide and correspond to nearly 90% of the global production of woody fruit trees. In light of the above, the present manuscript summarizes the viruses that infect the major fruit trees, including their taxonomy and morphology, and highlights selected viruses that significantly affect fruit production, including their genomic and biological features. The results showed that a total of 163 viruses, belonging to 45 genera classified into 23 families have been reported to infect the major woody fruit trees. It is clear that there is higher accumulation of viruses in grapevine (80/163) compared to the other fruit trees (each corresponding to less than 35/163), while only one virus species has been reported infecting mango. Most of the viruses (over 70%) infecting woody fruit trees are positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA), and the remainder belong to the -ssRNA, ssRNA-RT, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA-RT groups (each corresponding to less than 8%). Most of the viruses are icosahedral or isometric (79/163), and their diameter ranges from 16 to 80 nm with the majority being 25–30 nm. Cross-infection has occurred in a high frequency among pome and stone fruit trees, whereas no or little cross-infection has occurred among banana, citrus and grapevine. The viruses infecting woody fruit trees are mostly transmitted by vegetative propagation, grafting, and root grafting in orchards and are usually vectored by mealybug, soft scale, aphids, mites or thrips. These viruses cause adverse effects in their fruit tree hosts, inducing a wide range of symptoms and significant damage, such as reduced yield, quality, vigor and longevity.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Fruit with Short-Chain Organic Acids to Reduce the Potential of Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Fruit Decay

Vapors of acetic (1.9 or 2.5 μl/liter), formic (1.2 μl/liter), and propionic (2.5 μl/liter) acids were tested for postharvest decay control on 8 cherry, 14 pome, and 3 citrus fruit cultivars. Surfacesterilized fruit were inoculated with known fungal pathogens by drying 20-μl drops of spore suspension on marked locations on each fruit, placing at 10°C to equilibrate for approximately 24 h, and fumigating by evaporating the above acids in 12.7-liter airtight fumigation chambers for 30 min. Immediately after fumigation, the fruit were removed, aerated, aseptically injured, and placed at 20°C until decay occurred. All three fumigants controlled Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer on cherry. Formic acid increased fruit pitting on six of eight cultivars and was the only organic acid to increase blackening of cherry stems when compared to the control. Decay of pome fruit caused by P. expansum was reduced from 98% to 16, 4, or 8% by acetic, formic, and propionic acids, respectively, without injury to the fruit. Decay of citrus fruit by P. digitatum was reduced from 86 to 11% by all three acids, although browning of the fruit peel was observed on grapefruit and oranges fumigated with formic acid.

scholarly journals Genome, Transcriptome, and Functional Analyses of Penicillium expansum Provide New Insights Into Secondary Metabolism and Pathogenicity

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana-Rosa Ballester ◽  
Marina Marcet-Houben ◽  
Elena Levin ◽  
Noa Sela ◽  
Cristina Selma-Lázaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Species

The relationship between secondary metabolism and infection in pathogenic fungi has remained largely elusive. The genus Penicillium comprises a group of plant pathogens with varying host specificities and with the ability to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites. The genomes of three Penicillium expansum strains, the main postharvest pathogen of pome fruit, and one Pencillium italicum strain, a postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, were sequenced and compared with 24 other fungal species. A genomic analysis of gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites was performed. Putative virulence factors in P. expansum were identified by means of a transcriptomic analysis of apple fruits during the course of infection. Despite a major genome contraction, P. expansum is the Penicillium species with the largest potential for the production of secondary metabolites. Results using knockout mutants clearly demonstrated that neither patulin nor citrinin are required by P. expansum to successfully infect apples. Li et al. ( MPMI-12-14-0398-FI ) reported similar results and conclusions in MPMI's June 2015 issue.

scholarly journals Changes in the Aromatic Compounds Content in the Muscat Wines as a Result of the Application of Ultrasound during Pre-Fermentative Maceration

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Fátima Aragón-García ◽  
Ana Ruíz-Rodríguez ◽  
Miguel Palma
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ultrasound Application ◽  
Ultrasound Bath ◽  
Fruit Stone

This research focuses on the aromatic composition of Muscat of Alexandria wines after the application of ultrasound for 40 or 80 min during a 4 h pre-fermentative maceration process. Two methods of ultrasound application were compared in this study: probe ultrasound and bath ultrasound, for periods of 10–20 min per hour. Increases of more than 200% were obtained for some of the compounds from the skins, such as two of its terpenes, citronellol and nerol. On the other hand, increases in alcohol and ester values were registered with the application of ultrasound for 40 min. However, a significant decrease in these compounds was recorded when the ultrasound process was extended. In fact, when ultrasound was applied for 80 min, content values were even lower than those registered for the wine produced without the application of ultrasound. At the sensory level, the effect resulting from probe and bath ultrasound application for different times were compared, where most of the judges successfully discriminated the wines resulting from the application of ultrasound bath. According to data, the wines resulting from the application of ultrasound bath for 80 min presented the most significant differences, which affected the aromas of white fruit, tropical fruit, stone fruit, flowers and citrus.

Sec-butylamine residues in citrus, pome fruits and bananas from post-harvest treatments

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (96) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Singh ◽  
LE Rippon ◽  
WS Gilbert ◽  
N Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Blue Mould ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Colletotrichum Musae

Sec-butylamine residues were determined for post-harvest treatments for control of citrus green and blue mould (Penicillium digitatum Sacc. and P. italicum Wehmer), blue mould of pome fruits (P. expansum Thom.) and black-end (Colletotrichum musae (Berk and Curt.) Arx) and squirter (Nigrospora sphaerica Sacc.) of banana fruits. The treatments were as follows: 0.5% bulk bin dip of citrus and pome fruit. 1.0% dip of bananas packaged in wooden boxes. 1.0% flood of citrus and bananas on packing line. A combined 0.5% dip and 1.0% flaod of citrus. Residues in citrus fruit (orange, tangor, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon) ranged from 0.88-7.65 �g g-1 and were well within the 30 �g g-1 recommended limit of the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting of Experts on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. The single bulk dip gave two to three times higher residues than the combined dip and flood treatment. Pome fruit residues ranged from 2.75-1 1.6 �g g-1, with pears (1 1.2-1 1.6 �g g-1) having 3-4 times higher residues than apples (2.75-3.61 �g g-1). Whole green or ripened Cavendish bananas contained residues ranging from 15.1-27.6 �g g-1, with 2% or less of the residue being found in the pulp. The dipped, boxed single fruits had almost double the residues of flooded hands.

scholarly journals Characterization of Monilinia spp. Populations on Stone Fruit in South Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1708-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abate ◽  
C. Pastore ◽  
D. Gerin ◽  
R. M. De Miccolis Angelini ◽  
C. Rotolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Pome Fruit

Monilinia spp. are responsible for brown rot decay of stone and pome fruit in the field as well as in postharvest. Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena are considered indigenous to Europe, while M. fructicola is a quarantine pathogen in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization area included in the A2 List. In Italy, it was first reported in 2009 in Piedmont (northern Italy) and rapidly spread to central Italy. We carried out a monitoring program on the occurrence of Monilinia spp. in southern Italy and a comparative characterization of the three main fungal pathogens. Molecular assays based on direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR for molecular identification of Monilinia spp. from rotted fruit were set up, validated, and applied in a monitoring program. Of the tested 519 isolates from 26 orchards, 388 (74.8%) were identified as M. fructicola, 118 (22.7%) as M. laxa, 10 (1.9%) as M. fructigena, and 3 (0.6%) were M. polystroma. M. fructicola colonies grew faster and had a higher optimal temperature for growth (26°C) than M. laxa (23°C) and M. fructigena (20°C). No relevant difference in virulence could be observed on artificially inoculated apricot, cherry, and peach fruit. The fungal species showed different responses to fungicides, because M. fructicola was more sensitive than M. laxa, especially to cyflufenamid, and M. fructigena revealed a lower sensitivity to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (boscalid, fluopyram, and fluxapyroxad) and quinone outside inhibitors (mandestrobin). In summary, the two species M. fructicola and M. polystroma were first detected in southern Italy where M. fructicola has largely displaced the two indigenous pathogens M. laxa and M. fructigena; the relative proportions of the three pathogens in orchards should be considered when defining the management of brown rot of stone fruit due to differences in their responses to fungicides.

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