scholarly journals MODIFIKASI ALGORITMA VIGENÈRE CIPHER MENGGUNAKAN METODE CATALAN NUMBER DAN DOUBLE COLUMNAR TRANSPOSITION

Compiler ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guruh Marindra Pratama ◽  
E.Nurmiyati Tamatjita
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Method ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Catalan Number ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past

Vigenère Cipher is one of the well-known ciphering algorithms of the past. Modifications to Vigenère Cipher algorithm is made to improve its security, making it more difficult to decipher by a cryptanalyst. Due to the nature of the algorithm, these measures have to be taken to maintain the confidentiality of ciphered data.  This research modified the Vigenère Cipher using Catalan Numbers method and Double Columnar Transposition.  Catalan Numbers method is a mathematical method used to randomize the initial key so as to generate a key which is longer and having stronger characteristics; a key which is harder to guess, either by cryptanalysts or by key-deciphering methods. In addition to the first method, Double Columnar Transposition is used to rearrange the position of data in the generated ciphertext in order to make it appear more random, hence slowing down the cryptanalysis process of the encrypted text. Double Columnar Transposition is done by applying columnar transposition twice to the ciphered text. The applied modifications to Vigenère Cipher are then tested using Kasiski Examination. Resulting ciphertexts are known to have randomised characteristics, which made it difficult to guess the ciphering method used to generate the ciphertexts. Tests done using Kasiski Examination {1, 2, 4} proven that the ciphertexts passed the test, hence putting down the possibility of easy deciphering, and the modifications successfully provided a better and stronger encryption to the Vigenère Cipher.

scholarly journals Evaluating the performance of multivariate indicators of resilience loss

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Els Weinans ◽  
Rick Quax ◽  
Egbert H. van Nes ◽  
Ingrid A. van de Leemput
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Tipping Points ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Resilience Indicators

AbstractVarious complex systems, such as the climate, ecosystems, and physical and mental health can show large shifts in response to small changes in their environment. These ‘tipping points’ are notoriously hard to predict based on trends. However, in the past 20 years several indicators pointing to a loss of resilience have been developed. These indicators use fluctuations in time series to detect critical slowing down preceding a tipping point. Most of the existing indicators are based on models of one-dimensional systems. However, complex systems generally consist of multiple interacting entities. Moreover, because of technological developments and wearables, multivariate time series are becoming increasingly available in different fields of science. In order to apply the framework of resilience indicators to multivariate time series, various extensions have been proposed. Not all multivariate indicators have been tested for the same types of systems and therefore a systematic comparison between the methods is lacking. Here, we evaluate the performance of the different multivariate indicators of resilience loss in different scenarios. We show that there is not one method outperforming the others. Instead, which method is best to use depends on the type of scenario the system is subject to. We propose a set of guidelines to help future users choose which multivariate indicator of resilience is best to use for their particular system.

scholarly journals Motley Crew: Overview of the Currently Available Phage Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Zrelovs ◽  
Andris Dislers ◽  
Andris Kazaks
Keyword(s):  
Complete Genome ◽  
Phage Genome ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Bacteriophage Genome ◽  
Biological Entities

The first complete genome that was sequenced at the beginning of the sequencing era was that of a phage, since then researchers throughout the world have been steadily describing and publishing genomes from a wide array of phages, uncovering the secrets of the most abundant and diverse biological entities known to man. Currently, we are experiencing an unprecedented rate of novel bacteriophage discovery, which can be seen from the fact that the amount of complete bacteriophage genome entries in public sequence repositories has more than doubled in the past 3 years and is steadily growing without showing any sign of slowing down. The amount of publicly available phage genome-related data can be overwhelming and has been summarized in literature before but quickly becomes out of date. Thus, the aim of this paper is to briefly outline currently available phage diversity data for public acknowledgment that could possibly encourage and stimulate future “depth” studies of particular groups of phages or their gene products.

Chapter II. the World Overseas

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Rates Of Growth

There was some slowing down of the growth of industrial production as a whole during the summer months though the overall tendency continues firmly upwards (table 13).France, Italy and Japan are still expanding rapidly, though in the case of France not so rapidly as in the past. In most other countries, apart perhaps from Norway, rates of growth are declining. The United Kingdom is the most prominent of this group, but the slowdown in Germany is becoming quite marked.

DYNAMICS WITH CO-EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUAL INCLINATION AND OPINION

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEI XIONG ◽  
YUN LIU ◽  
ZHENJIANG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
Spin Systems ◽  
Voter Model ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
Final State ◽  
Memory Length ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual

Based on the voter model, we present a new opinion formation model which takes into account the evolution of both opinions and individual inclinations. A memory-based inclination is developed gradually during the process of social interaction; however, if the individual inclination gets strong enough, it will react to opinion dynamics. We assume that an individual inclination increases with the number of times the individual has held its most frequent opinion in the past interactions. As a result of inclination choices the transition rate following neighbors decreases, thus slowing down the microscopic dynamics. Analytical and simulation results indicate the system under the action of opinion inclinations evolves to a more polarized state for average opinion. The appearance of extremists holding the minority opinion is observed in the final state, where one opinion predominates. It is also found that the stable opinion and relaxation time depend on network topology and memory length. Moreover, this model is not only valid to the voter model, but can also be applied to other spin systems.

scholarly journals Features of Transformation and Self-Organization of Mountain Nival-Glacial Geosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
A. D. Kitov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law

The Munku-Sardyk mountain range (3,491 m) represents the territory of the modern glaciation of The East Sayan. Different forms of transformation of nival-glacial geosystems have been preserved in this range. The processes of transformation and self-organization of geosystems are considered on the example of the Radde glacier and the unique stone glacier. Due to climate change, the glacier has shrunk considerably. Its area has decreased over 100 years from 0.3 to 0.19 km2, and over the last 20 years from 0.19 to 0.09 km2. However, the glacier has processes of self-preservation, slowing down the process of melting the glacier. This transformation of the glacier is manifested as the reservation of surface moraines. The peculiarities of the formation of surface moraines are considered. In the past century, the formation rate of moraines was 0.001 km2/year. Recently, the rate of formation of moraines has increased to 0.02 km2/year. In the second case, the unique stone stream (stone glacier) is an example of the transformation of the classical glacier into a new structure, which at this stage does not depend significantly on the observed warming, and can exist as an independent object for quite some time. The material is supplied by the rock of mountain range, and the transport by the ice bed is formed in winter from groundwater at the level of indigenous rocks, like subsurface ice. The structure of this stone stream is presented as an independent geosystem. It is assumed that the nival-glacial geosystems behave like lag systems. From the analysis of freezing and thawing of soils it follows that the increase and degradation of glaciers should be subject to the law of hystiresis.

scholarly journals Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menno Schilthuizen ◽  
Lúcia P Santos Pimenta ◽  
Youri Lammers ◽  
Peter J Steenbergen ◽  
Marco Flohil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Herbivore Community

The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.

scholarly journals Incorporation of an invasive plant into a native insect herbivore food web

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menno Schilthuizen ◽  
Lúcia P Santos Pimenta ◽  
Youri Lammers ◽  
Peter J Steenbergen ◽  
Marco Flohil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Herbivore Community

The integration of invasive species into native food webs represent multifarious dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes. We document incorporation of Prunus serotina (black cherry) into native insect food webs. We find that P. serotina harbours a herbivore community less dense but more diverse than its native relative, P. padus (bird cherry), with similar proportions of specialists and generalists. While herbivory on P. padus remained stable over the past century, that on P. serotina gradually doubled. We show that P. serotina may have evolved changes in investment in cyanogenic glycosides compared with its native range. In the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata, recently shifted from native Sorbus aucuparia to P. serotina, we find divergent host preferences on Sorbus- versus Prunus-derived populations, and weak host-specific differentiation among 380 individuals genotyped for 119 SNP loci. We conclude that evolutionary processes may generate a specialized herbivore community on an invasive plant, allowing prognoses of reduced invasiveness over time. On the basis of the results presented here, we would like to caution that manual control might have the adverse effect of a slowing down of processes of adaptation, and a delay in the decline of the invasive character of P. serotina.

Holocene development of the Vistula Spit (Baltic Sea coast) based on multidisciplinary investigations

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362098341
Author(s):  
Szymon Uścinowicz ◽  
Grzegorz Adamiec ◽  
Andrzej Bluszcz ◽  
Wojciech Jegliński ◽  
Grażyna Miotk-Szpiganowicz
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
First Line ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Past 2000 Years ◽  
Global Events ◽  
Climate Cooling ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Sea Coast

Coastal barriers are the first line of defense for the mainlands against the impacts of severe storms, therefore the need for better understanding how barriers evolve is arising. Spits (barriers) are the dominant landform type of the southern and south-eastern Baltic Sea coast. The aim of this paper is to gain present a better insight into problems of the Vistula Spit origin in general, and especially on the age of formation of the dune ridges. The Vistula Spit is one of the largest barriers on the southern Baltic coast. The analysis comprised: OSL dating of dune sands, radiocarbon dating of peat and palynological studies of peat and fossil soil profiles. Results shows that the onset of the oldest dunes formation begun ca. 7000–6000 years ago and the highest ridge were formed ca. 4000–2000 years ago. The youngest dunes, located closest to the modern shore, formed in the past 2000 years. Aeolian processes were also activated locally and periodically as a result of forest wildfires and human activities. Vistula Spit emergence and development is connected to two global events; beginning of the oldest dunes formation is related to slowing down in the sea level rise around 7000–6000 years ago, whereas the onset of the highest dunes building can be clearly connected with the climate cooling and aridification around 4200 years ago.

scholarly journals Accounting Lean Management Model Based on Big Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 03047
Author(s):  
Baowei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Management ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Lean Management ◽  
Management Framework ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Lean Accounting ◽  
The Cost

In the environment of slowing down world economic development, the uncoordinated extensive production and industrial policies in China in the past caused the imbalance of economic supply in China. In this paper, through the use of literature analysis, comparative analysis and case analysis, taking l manufacturing enterprise as a case, through the analysis of enterprise production mode and cost management mode, through the construction of lean accounting cost management framework, the cost management of l enterprise is studied from four aspects. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the non productive resources of employees account for 36.37%, of which the rework time accounts for 61.05%, and the handling time accounts for 23.26%. Compared with the traditional cost management, lean accounting is more suitable for the management of lean enterprises. Finally, the lean management of the enterprise is predicted.

scholarly journals On the diagonal ideal of $(\mathbb{C}^2)^n$ and $q,t$-Catalan numbers

2010 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AN,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungyong Lee ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Vector Space ◽  
Hilbert Series ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Catalan Number ◽  
Nous Obtenons ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Nous Trouvons ◽  
International Audience

International audience Let $I_n$ be the (big) diagonal ideal of $(\mathbb{C}^2)^n$. Haiman proved that the $q,t$-Catalan number is the Hilbert series of the graded vector space $M_n=\bigoplus_{d_1,d_2}(M_n)_{d_1,d_2}$ spanned by a minimal set of generators for $I_n$. We give simple upper bounds on $\textrm{dim} (M_n)_{d_1, d_2}$ in terms of partition numbers, and find all bi-degrees $(d_1,d_2)$ such that $\textrm{dim} (M_n)_{d_1, d_2}$ achieve the upper bounds. For such bi-degrees, we also find explicit bases for $(M_n)_{d_1, d_2}$. Soit $I_n$ l'idéal de la (grande) diagonale de $(\mathbb{C}^2)^n$. Haiman a démontré que le $q,t$-nombre de Catalan est la série de Hilbert de l'espace vectoriel gradué $M_n=\bigoplus_{d_1,d_2}(M_n)_{d_1,d_2}$ engendré par un ensemble minimal de générateurs de $I_n$. Nous obtenons des bornes supérieures simples pour $\textrm{dim} (M_n)_{d_1, d_2}$ en termes de nombres de partitions, ainsi que tous les bi-degrés $(d_1, d_2)$ pour lesquels ces bornes supérieures sont atteintes. Pour ces bi-degrés, nous trouvons aussi des bases explicites de $(M_n)_{d_1, d_2}$.

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