The Story of the Koror Bridge

10.2749/cs001 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Chung Tang
Keyword(s):  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Design Recommendations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Post Tensioning ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Palau ◽  
Engineering Firm ◽  
Concrete Girder

<p>Koror Babeldaob Bridge, also called Koror Babelthuap Bridge or simply Koror Bridge, connects the islands of Koror and Babeldaob in the Republic of Palau. The design of the bridge began in 1974 and was based on the prevailing AASHO Standard Specifications at that time and was supplemented by ACI and CEB-FIP design recommendations on an as-needed basis. When the Koror Bridge was opened to traffic in April 1977, it was the world's longest concrete girder span. A few years later, the bridge began to deflect more than had been anticipated. The owner commissioned a Japanese engineering firm in 1985 and then a US engineering firm in 1993 to conduct in-depth investigations of the structure. Both firms came to the same conclusion that the bridge was structurally safe and that the excessive deflection was an unexplainable phenomenon. Nevertheless, in order to improve the driving quality of the bridge deck, the owner decided to repair the bridge. The repair scheme made changes to the structural system and added a large amount of post-tensioning force to the bridge. Unfortunately, less than three months after the repair, late in the afternoon on 26 September, 1996,nineteen and a half years after it was opened to traffic, the bridge collapsed. Thereafter, most of the documents were sealed as a result of litigation between the various parties and the debris was cleared. For a long time, it was impossible to study the facts surrounding the bridge's collapse. Only recently, through continuous probing by a group of engineers, were these documents made accessible to researchers.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Intermodal Terminals Service Quality in the Republic of Croatia

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borna Abramović ◽  
Ivica Lovrić ◽  
Vlatka Stupalo
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The most common problem that the terminals face is inadequate infrastructure, long waiting times, delays, malfunctions, and unexpected problems due to which terminals are often congested for a long time, high costs, lack of expansion, etc. All this leads to reduced quality of services and the price increase for the user service. These problems do not occur only at the terminal of one type, but at all terminals. At present, the delays and uneconomical operations are unacceptable. Intermodal terminals are not immune to any of the above. In order to increase the service quality and to reduce the cost of transportation and transmission, all the bottlenecks in the process are detected and analyzed in the work. The identification and removal of the bottlenecks in the processes of transport and transfer from the initial to the final terminal increases the quality of services provided to customers. The quality of services includes shorter time of transport and transfer by using shorter routes as well as the acceptable price of the service itself.

Private accommodation in tourist destination offer - the case of Dubrovnik

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-263
Author(s):  
Ana Portolan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Efficient Procedure ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tourist Accommodation

For a long time basic accommodation capacities represented the dominant type of accommodation in tourist offer, while at the same time complementary accommodation capacities were neglected. However, recently there has been a growing interest for complementary, substitute types of tourist accommodation, both in the Republic of Croatia and in Dubrovnik, where since 2000 a significant increase of over night stays has been registered, especially in private accommodation. In this paper rooms, apartments, studio apartments and holiday houses owned by physical entities are referred to as private accommodation. Private accommodation enables tourists to engage in everyday life of local residents, learn about history, tradition and culture of a destination. Thus, a tourist may experience and taste the beauties and attractions of a place, truly enjoy autochthonous products and services, as well as obtain genuine knowledge on authentic attractions and tourist offer of a destination. Inadequate offer of private tourist accommodation has negative influence when forming the overall tourist offer of a destination. Poor quality of accommodation units, unprofessional conduct of holders of tourist accommodation offer towards consumers and lack of interest for the needs and wishes of the consumer of this complementary accommodation have all contributed in creating a bad image on this kind of accommodation in tourist offer. Consequently, this paper aims, by analysing the consumers of private tourist accommodation, to point out the importance of private accommodation in overal tourist offer of a destination, to prove that private accommodation tourist offer attracts an increasing number of tourists, and propose to local tourist administration directives on how to create a more efficient procedure in order to ensure a more efficient and better quality administration of tourist private accommodation offer, aiming to improve the overall tourist offer at a destination.

scholarly journals Strengthening and Rehabilitation of U-Shaped RC Bridges Using Substitute Cable Ducts

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Adam Svoboda ◽  
Ladislav Klusáček ◽  
Martin Olšák
Keyword(s):  
Bridge Deck ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridges ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Tensioning ◽  
Existing Bridges

The presented paper deals with strengthening and rehabilitation of U-shaped reinforced concrete bridges from the period of 1905–1930 using post-tensioning, which is a suitable, reliable, and durable method. These bridges have two main beams pulled over the bridge deck, which is supported by cross girders. The cross girders connect the two main beams forming a half-frame in the transverse direction, which provides spatial rigidity to the structure. The spans of these bridges are usually between 15 and 25 m. The high efficiency of post-tensioning can be seen on many implemented applications for bridge reconstructions worldwide. However, in this paper, the post-tensioning method is extended by a unique structural system of substitute cable ducts that allows for significantly expanding applicability of this method on existing concrete bridges. This method is highly recommended due to minimization of interventions into the constructions, unseen method of cable arrangement, and hence the absence of impact on appearance, which is appreciated not only in case of valuable historical structures but in general as well. In conclusion, the post-tensioning by monostrands in substitute cable ducts is a highly efficient method for strengthening of existing bridges in order to increase their load-bearing capacities in terms of current traffic load and to extend their service life. This method was also verified by monitoring the behavior of rehabilitated bridges before and after strengthening.

Oeuvrecatalogus

1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Artistic Quality

AbstractThe seventeenth-century, probably Flemish, artist Abraham Casembroot (Bruges? before or in Ι593 - Messina Ι658) spent the latter half of his life in Sicily. His entire extant oeuvre was produced there, which is probably why he is so little known in the Netherlands. The painter lived in the east-coast port of Messina, where for the last nine years of his life he held the post of consul for the Republic of the United Netherlands. Some of the bulletins he sent to the States General in his consular capacity are kept in the Rijksarchief at The Hague. So are the documents which confirm his appointment in Ι649 and that of his successor and thus establish Ι658 as the year of Casembroot's death. Information about his life can be found in biographies of Messina artists. The most detailed account is by Francesco Susinno in his Vite de' pittori messinesi of Ι724, although later vite of Messina artists also devote a comparatively large amount of space to Casembroot. As a painter he was evidently held in considerable esteem in Messina, where he had five local pupils. Casembroot specialized in harbour and marine views and tempests; according to the vite his paintings were much in demand in both Sicily and the Netherlands. The well-known seventeenth-century collection amassed by Don Antonio Ruffo of Messina boasted no fewer than ten works by Casembroot, one of which was very likely the large canvas The Swordfish Catch, now in the Museo di San Martino in Naples. Incidentally, a hitherto unpublished document reveals that one of Casembroot's consular duties was to deal with the ship that in all probability had on board Rembrandt's Aristotle, commissioned by Ruffo. It is remarkable that currently only four authenticated paintings by Casembroot are known, plus a fifth which is attributed to him on convincing grounds. His imaginary harbours resemble those by less well-known Netherlandish painters in Italy such as Cornelis de Wael and notably Adriaen van der Cabel. For a long time the latter was thought to have been responsible for four large series of sketchbook drawings with Sicilian studies which were in the Kupferstichkabinett in Berlin until the I9305 and subsequently scattered. In I973 Hans Mielke observed numerous stylistic correspondences between sheets from this former Berlin series and a preliminary drawing by Casembroot for an etching. There is also a stylistic resemblance to other traceable sheets from the former Berlin series (a considerable number of which are now in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge), some of which have been identified as preliminary studies for etchings by Casembroot. Consequently, three of the four Berlin series of sketchbooks previously attributed to Van der Cabel must now be established as Casembroot's work. Compared with Casembroot's paintings, his etchings and drawings exhibit more obvious personal stylistic characteristics, which Mielke had already observed in the nervous lines and the distinctive manner in which the small human figures are depicted; this enables reliable attributions to be made now. Mielke also demonstrated that Van der Cabel made use of drawings by Casembroot for his own etchings, and he is quite likely to have owned drawings by Casembroot. Casembroot's best-known work is a series of etchings of views of Messina and the surrounding countryside which he dedicated to the collector Lucas van Uffelen. Preliminary drawings for this series and for an authentic painting have survived. Casembroot utilized the drawings he did from nature in his sketchbooks as preliminary studies for etchings and paintings. Surviving sheets show small figures engaged in various activities, topographical sketches and accurate studies of local ships. The artistic quality of Casembroot's oeuvre is not particularly high. Its current significance is largely due to the topographical depictions of Messina and its environs, which look completely different today as the result of natural disasters. Despite his lengthy sojourn in Sicily, Casembroot remained a recognizably northern painter. His subject-matter displayed typically Dutch features which were uncommon in Messina, where local painters generally confined themselves to history pieces. With his harbour and sea views Casembroot seems to have discovered a gap in the market, which may account for his success in Messina.

Tingkat Pemahaman Kompetensi Guru Pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi Sebagai Calon Guru Geografi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Novia Zalmita ◽  
Muhajirah Muhajirah ◽  
Abdul Wahab Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Prospective Teacher ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Geography Education ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Long Time

One that influences human resource indicators is education. The teacher is a profession as a job of academic specialization in a relatively long time in college. Understanding related to teacher competence is very important to have by a prospective teacher because it can affect the quality of performance as a professional teacher. The teacher's competence is known as pedagogic, professional, social and personality competencies. The issue in this study is how the competency of the teacher of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as a prospective teacher of geography? The purpose of this study was to determine the competence of teachers in the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as prospective geography teachers. Quantitative description approach is used in this study to find answers to the issue. The population in this study were students of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah class of 2015 and 2016 who had been declared to have passed the Micro Teaching and Magang Kependidikan 3 course totaling 50 people. Because the population is small and can be reached, the determination of the sample using total sampling techniques so that the sample in this study is the whole population. Data collection is done by distributing test questions to respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics percentage formula. The results of the study indicate that the level of teacher competence of Geography Education Department students as prospective teachers is in the moderate category, namely as many as 22 respondents (44%). A total of 12 respondents (24%) were in the high category, 15 respondents (30%) were in the low category and 1 respondent (2%) were in the very low category.

Electrical Damage Due to Low Energy Plasma Processing of GaAs Structures

1991 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans P. Zappe ◽  
Gudrun Kaufel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Rapid Thermal Anneal ◽  
High Temperature Anneal ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Physical Plasma

ABSTRACTThe effect of numerous plasma reative ion etch and physical milling processes on the electrical behavior of GaAs bulk substrates has been investigated by means of electric microwave absorption. It was seen that plasma treatments at quite low energies may significantly affect the electrical quality of the etched semiconductor. Predominantly physical plasma etchants (Ar) were seen to create significant damage at very low energies. Chemical processes (involving Cl or F), while somewhat less pernicious, also gave rise to electrical substrate damage, the effect greater for hydrogenic ambients. Whereas rapid thermal anneal treatments tend to worsen the electrical integrity, some substrates respond positively to long-time high temperature anneal steps.

Estimates on poverty in Russia and the additional measures to reduce it at the regional level

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Sadykov
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Social Standard ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sociological Studies

Subject. This article deals with the issues of social justice and a high quality of life, creating favorable economic and social conditions. Objectives. The article aims to assess the rate and changes in poverty in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan and develop complementary measures to reduce it. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, comparative, economic and statistical analyses, the results of sociological studies, and official statistics. Results. The article highlights additional measures to reduce poverty in the region, including the establishment of a minimum social standard of living in each particular region that determines the poverty rate. Conclusions. Various factors, such as economic sanctions, economic slowdowns, territorial and regional imbalances, lead to living standards decline and poverty rise.

PEMBENAHAN TERHADAP LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN DAPAT MENIADAKAN OPSI HUKUMAN MATI BAGI NARAPIDANA DI INDONESIA (THE IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF PENITENTIARY CAN ELIMINATE THE DEATH PENALTY OPTIONS OF CONVICTED CRIMINALS IN INDONESIA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Nomensen Freddy Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Public ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time

After a long time was not heard to the public area, lately death penalty toward the criminal cases that classified as extraordinary crime are appear. The author discovers electronic article about the execution of the death penalty which is the prosecutor prepares to execute death penalty toward the drugs dealer. The president of Republic of Indonesia stated that it is necessary to give a deterrent effect to the convicted  criminal and keep the morality of Indonesian teenagers. According to my opinion, the author argues that it will be better and wiser if we discuss about renovating all of the Penitentiary in Indonesia than debating whether death penalty could be done in Indonesia or not, because it will be displeasure many parties, death penalty infringed the human rights of the convicted criminals and cause psychological burden to them, families, the executor of the death penalty, and other parties. Because if we have to improve the quality of the Penitentiary, if the function of Penitentiary for fostering moralily has been optimal or properly enough to the convicted criminals, Indonesia will be no longer need the death penalty option as sanction to the convicted crimanals including for the extraordinary crime (especially for drugs trafficking in our country). Penitentiary is one of the public services which aims for fostering the people that initially have bad habits (commited to the crime), so that they will have the awareness to change their bad attitude into the be better ones, will not harm others, and positively contributed to the society. Already Penitentiary’s conditions should be designed in such a way and as good as possible, so that the inmates feels like at their own home (like having a second home after his own home), and feel humaner to spend their days in the Penitentiary. The author believes that if the Penitentiary has been improved and optimized its function well, then the real purpose of Penitentiary will definitely achieved. As stated in Law Number 12 Year 1995 regarding to Penitentiary Article 2 which states "sanction system are organized in order to fostering the convicted criminals in order to be the real man, aware of their fault, improve themselves, and not to repeat the criminal act so that they can be friendly received by the community, can actively participated in the development of our country, and can socialize themselves as good citizen."Article 3 on this regulation also intensifies the function of Penitentiary "the function of Penitentiary is to prepare convicted criminals to be able to properly integrated to the society, so they can be accepted again as members of the public who are free and responsible ones." 

THE SPECIFICS OF TAXATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Alomatxon Abdullayeva ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Domestic Products

The article examines the legal basis, application and rates of taxes, customs duties and levies, such as excise and VAT, applied in the foreign economic activity of Uzbekistan.The study found that an increase in taxes, duties and levies on imported goods could also lead to a decline in the quality of domestic products

OS CAMINHOS DAS ÁGUAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE CARIRÉ, CEARÁ, BRASIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 564-580
Author(s):  
Eloiza Rocha Queiroz ◽  
José Falcão Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Rains ◽  
Two Stages

A região Nordeste do Brasil vem sendo alvo de medidas do Estado a mais de um século, na tentativa de solucionar o problema da falta de água em época de secas. O Estado do Ceará, por sua vez, apresenta boa parte de seu território inserido no semiárido brasileiro, uma região caracterizada pelo clima seco, com poucas chuvas e elevada evapotranspiração. A problemática da água existe há bastante tempo, principalmente o acesso em quantidade e qualidade suficientes para atender a população. O presente trabalho tem como tema central a questão dos recursos hídricos, com enfoque no abastecimento humano do município de Cariré, localizado na região noroeste do Ceará. Nosso objetivo consiste em apresentar um panorama de como atualmente a população carireense tem acesso à água potável. A metodologia adotada constitui-se em duas etapas: na primeira, realizamos levantamento de material bibliográfico e a segunda diz respeito a parte prática realizada em saídas a campo. Segundo a ONU, a água é um bem comum e que deve ser de acesso a todos, é um direito humano. Nesta perspectiva, o gerenciamento adequado dos recursos hídricos é essencial para a manutenção da qualidade de vida. Palavras-chave: Recursos Hídricos; Abastecimento Humano; Cariré-Ce. ABSTRACTThe pnortheast region from Brazil has been subject of measures for more than a century in attempts to solve the problems lack of water in dry season. The state of Ceará has a good part of its territorial inserted in Brazilian semiarid, a region characterized by dry climate, short rains and high evapotranspiration. The water issue has existed for a long time, mainly in a sufficient access of quantity and quality to serve the population. Then, this article has as a central theme the water resources focusing on water supply of the Cariré localized at Northeast region from Ceará. Therefore the purpose of the paper is to present a study about how the Carire’s population has had access to potable water currently. The methodology adopted to this research consists of two stages: Firstly it was carried out a survey of bibliographical material and secondly it concerned the practical part carried out in the field trips. In accordance to United nations, water is a commom good and it has to be available to everyone, it is a human rights. In that sense, the proper management of water resources is essential to keep the quality of life.Key-words: Human supply; Water resources; Cariré – Ce. RÉSUMÉLa région du nord-est du Brésil est la cible de mesures prises par l’État depuis plus d’un siècle pour tenter de résoudre le problème de la pénurie d’eau en saison sèche. L’État du Ceará, en revanche, présente une bonne partie de son territoire inséré dans le semi-aride brésilien, région caractérisée par un climat sec, avec peu de pluies et une forte évapotranspiration. Le problème de l'eau existe depuis longtemps, principalement l'accès en quantité et qualité suffisantes pour satisfaire la population. Le travail actuel a pour thème central la question des ressources en eau, en mettant l'accent sur l'approvisionnement humain de la municipalité de Cariré, située dans la région nord-ouest du Ceará. Notre objectif est de présenter un aperçu de la façon dont la population carioca a actuellement accès à l’eau potable. La méthodologie adoptée comporte deux étapes: dans le premier, nous procédons à une enquête sur le matériel bibliographique et le second à la partie pratique réalisée lors des visites sur le terrain. Selon l'ONU, l'eau est un bien commun et doit être accessible à tous, c'est un droit humain. Dans cette perspective, la gestion adéquate des ressources en eau est essentielle au maintien de la qualité de la vie.Mots-clés: Ressources en eau; Approvisionnement humain; Cariré-Ce.

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