scholarly journals Ultrastructural Changes in Pineal Cells of the Epiphysis during Long Exposure of Drinking Water Nitrates and Correction Means

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-257
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Chumachenko ◽  
◽  
Е. G. Redka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Type I ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Old Rats

According to modern data, the epiphyse (pineal gland) is an organ that combines the processes of adaptogenesis and immunogenesis, takes part in triggering stress reactions and determines the sequence of disorders in the body at different stages of stress development. Researchers consider the pineal gland to be the most important organizer of biological rhythms associated with photoperiodism and the organ that determines the stereotype of the organism. Its individual functions are rhythmically variable under the influence of the environment and age. The purpose of the study was to study the structural and functional changes of pineal cells of the pineal gland in rats at different stages of normal development, under the action of nitrates and the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue. Materials and methods. In accordance with the purpose of the work, the study was carried out on 90 nonlinear white male rats of different ages. The animals were kept in the vivarium in equivalent conditions. Long-term exposure to nitrates on the body of animals was achieved by daily introduction into the drinking ration, starting from the 7th day of postnatal development of rats (after preliminary water purification), 120 mg/l sodium nitrate, that is, in a dose that is typical for many regions of Ukraine. When simulating the action of methylene blue, this substance was daily orally administered to the animals in doses: 0.1-0.15 ml of a 1% aqueous solution per 1 kg of body weight. Results and discussion. As a result of the 7-day action of nitrates in 14-day-old rats, structural changes were observed in the pineal gland, which corresponded to a decrease in the function of light cells and an increase in the functional activity of type II pinealocytes. The ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of type I pinealocytes contained poorly developed organelles and single secretory granules. In 45-day-old animals exposed to nitrates in light pinealocytes, pronounced disturbances in membrane organelles, primarily in mitochondria and the granular endoplasmic reticulum, were noted. The functional activity of dark pinealocytes increased during this period of the study. In the pineal parenchyma of 90-day-old rats after exposure to nitrates, the functional activity of type I pinealocytes was at a low level. The functional activity of dark pinealocytes was also weakened. Thus, as a result of the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue in the pineal gland of 14-day-old rats, a tendency to gradual restoration of the structural and functional parameters of cells was observed. In 45-day-old animals, after the simultaneous action of nitrates and methylene blue, the ultrastructural data of pineal cells indicated numerous mitochondria and secretory granules in the cytoplasm. In the parenchyma of the pineal gland of 90-day-old rats after chronic action of nitrates and methylene blue at the ultrastructural level, no sharp changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus of light and dark pinealocytes were found in comparison with the control. Conclusion. The intake of nitrates in 14-day-old rats causes the development of a stress reaction, poorly developed organelles and signs of degranulation appear in the ultrastructure of light pinealocytes, however, the cytoplasm and nuclei of dark cells indicated an increase in function. In 45-day-old rats after exposure to nitrates, the signs of the stress reaction are enhanced. In the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of light cells, pronounced violations of membrane organelles are determined. Enhanced function continues in dark pinealocytes. After the action of nitrates in 90-day-old rats, changes occur that are characteristic of the stage of depletion of the general adaptation syndrome, the result of which is a deep imbalance in the work of the pineal gland. The combined action of nitrates and methylene blue in 14-day-old animals helps to reduce the toxic effect and the strength of stress reactions in the pineal gland. In the ultrastructure of pinealocytes, the number of ribosomes, small secretory granules and mitochondria increases in comparison with the action of nitrates alone. In 45-day-old animals with the simultaneous intake of nitrates and methylene blue in the ultrastructure of melanotropic cells, the accumulation of secretory granules of the same size and electron density, an increase in the number of organelles and signs of restoration of the structure of the cytoplasm and nucleus are noted. The use of methylene blue against the background of long-term intake of nitrates in 90-day-old rats at the ultrastructural level of abrupt changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus of light and dark pinealocytes is not manifested in comparison with the control

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical localization of procollagens. III. Type I procollagen antigenicity in osteoblasts and prebone (osteoid).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 791-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Wright ◽  
C P Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Bone Growth ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Type I ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Type I Procollagen ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Procollagen Iii

Frozen sections of unfixed tibia and mandibles from day-old rats were immunostained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique after exposure to antisera against procollagen I or other collagenous materials. Light microscopic study of bone growth areas showed that procollagen I antigenicity was present in osteoblasts and prebone (osteoid), but not bone tissue; neither procollagen III nor collagen IV antigenicity were detected. The localization of procollagen I antigenicity within osteoblasts was then attempted in the electron microscope. Chopper slices of formaldehyde-fixed tibia from day-old rats were incubated with affinity-purified anti-procollagen I antibodies linked to peroxidase and were treated with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. The dot-like reaction indicative of procollagen I antigenicity was found to be moderate in rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) cisternae, strong in spherical and cylindrical Golgi distensions, and intense in prosecretory and secretory granules. Reactivity was also observed within the matrix of multivesicular bodies Thus an increasing gradient of procollagen I antigenicity occurs from rER cisternae through Golgi distensions to secretory granules, that is, along the presumed pathway of procollagen synthesis. The antigenicity present within rER cisternae is attributed to the precursor pro alpha (I) chains, while that in the cylindrical Golgi distensions, secretory granules, and prebone is attributed to procollagen itself. The antigenicity of multivesicular bodies suggests some degradation of pro alpha chains or procollagen.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Changes of Melanotropic Cells of the Intermediate Share of the Adenogophysis in the Age Aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
A. Y. Chumachenko ◽  
◽  
A. G. Redka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Glandular Cell ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

In modern theoretical and practical biology and medicine, the key problem of research is to reveal the patterns of structural and functional organization of the human and animal body at different stages of development. Literature sources provide very limited data on the organization of the intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis in humans, leaving insufficiently studied the ultrastructural state and activity of melanotropic cells of the intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis in animals of different ages, including rats. The issues of the intermediate pituitary gland functioning remain important and little studied, especially in the period of the beginning of the optic-thalamic system. The purpose of the research was to study the ultrastructural changes of melanotropic cells of the intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis in rats of different ages in the norm. Material and methods. In accordance with the purpose of the study we conducted the experiment on 30 nonlinear white male rats of different ages: 14-, 45- and 90-day-old. The animals were kept in the vivarium in equivalent conditions. The keeping and using of animals was carried out in accordance with the provisions of the "General Ethical Principles of Animal Experiments", approved by the IV National Congress of Bioethics. While examining the intermediate pituitary gland of intact rats on the electron microscope, the material was fixed in 2.5% solution of glutaraldehyde on phosphate buffer with fixation in 1% solution of osmium tetroxide according to Caulfield. It was dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration (70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) and acetone, poured into a mixture of epon-araldite. Semi-thin sections were made from the obtained blocks, which were stained with toluidine blue. Results and discussion. At the ultrastructural level in the intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis of 14-day-old intact rats, several cell types could be identified that differed in the number and size of secretory granules. The ultrastructure of glandular cells of 45-day-old rats had no significant differences compared with 14-day-old animals. Secretory granules of different sizes and electron densities were observed in the cytoplasm of melanotropic cells. It was often possible to see a glandular cell with numerous secretory granules in one part of the cytoplasm, while in another they were virtually absent. Most melanotropocytes were characterized by slightly compacted mitochondria, but their numbers were slightly higher than in 45-day-old rats. The nuclei of most cells were large, oval in shape with a clear structure of nucleoli and their ribosomal component. The latter represented groups of ribosomes that were collected in osmophilic complexes. The amount of heterochromatin exceeded euchromatin and it was located mainly in the membrane with areas of rarefaction in the pore area Conclusion. In 14-day-old intact male rats, the intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis was presented as a formed functionally active organ. In the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm of melanotropes there was a moderate development of organelles, and judging by the number and size of secretory granules, as well as the density of their content, we can assume that all these cells differed from each other in their functional activity. In 45-day-old intact rats, accumulation of secretory granules was observed in the cytoplasm of melanotropes, especially near the nucleus, which indicated an increase in melanocyte-stimulating hormones synthesis with age. The ultrastructural state of the cytoplasm and nucleus also indicated an increase in functional activity. The ultrastructure of the intermediate lobe cells of the adenohypophysis of rats at the age of 90 days differed from that of younger animals by signs of different functional activity of individual melanotropic cells

scholarly journals SUBMICROSCOPIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS STRUCTURE UNDER CONDITIONS OF 24-HOUR LIGHTING

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
R. Bulyk ◽  
K. Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Supraoptic Nuclei

Light information that is perceived by the retinal photoreceptors is transmitted along the retinohypothalamic pathway (the retinal ganglion cells present in it) and supraoptic fibers, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, through the trunk of the upper thoracic region and lateral intermedial nuclei of the spinal cord, sym- pathic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion in the pineal gland. In the dark, signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus enhance the synthesis and release of norepinephrine from sympathetic endings. The experiments were carried out on 40 sexually mature male outbred white rats weighing 0.15-0.18 kg. The animals were kept in cages at a constant temperature, air humidity and free access to water and food. Experimental animals were divided into two series, in each of which the biomaterial was taken at 14.00 and 02.00 h. The selected timing of the experiment is due to the different functional activity of the pineal gland in the indicated time periods of the day. Submicroscopic studies of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus of intact animals at 14:00 showed that the majority of neurosecretory cells are round-oval in shape with rare invaginations and nuclei of irregular shape with shallow invaginations of the karyolem. The karyoplasm contains lumps of chromatin and a dense osmiophilic nucleolus. Neuroplasm occupies a small volume, in it the tubules of the granular endoplasmic reticulum are tightly packed with a small lumen, where there are many ribosomes and polysomes, as well as a small amount of evenly distributed granules. In the Golgi complex, secretory granules of different sizes are formed. Mitochondria, small with a dense matrix, contain few cristae. Some of them are in an energetically stressed state, are able to hypertrophy and partially lose their cristae or die. The ultramicroscopic organization of neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus of rats was investigated. Under the standard illumination mode (12.00C: 12.00T), the ultrastructure of neurons indicates a decrease in their functional activity during the light period of the day and growth - in the dark period of the day. Light stress (24.00C: 00T) leads to significant desynchronosis and causes destructive changes in the components of the structures under study, more pronounced at 02.00 h.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

Analysis of the Anterior Secretory Cells of Onchidohs Muricata (Nudibranchia)

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 614-615
Author(s):  
Roy Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Sole Of The Foot

The long-necked secretory cells in Onchidoris muricata are distributed in the anterior sole of the foot. These cells are interspersed among ciliated columnar and conical cells as well as short-necked secretory gland cells. The long-necked cells contribute a significant amount of mucoid materials to the slime on which the nudibranch travels. The body of these cells is found in the subepidermal tissues. A long process extends across the basal lamina and in between cells of the epidermis to the surface of the foot. The secretory granules travel along the process and their contents are expelled by exocytosis at the foot surface.The contents of the cell body include the nucleus, some endoplasmic reticulum, and an extensive Golgi body with large numbers of secretory vesicles (Fig. 1). The secretory vesicles are membrane bound and contain a fibrillar matrix. At high magnification the similarity of the contents in the Golgi saccules and the secretory vesicles becomes apparent (Fig. 2).

THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE WAYS OF SOLVING

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Volkova ◽  
O. D. Dygun ◽  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
S. V. Dora ◽  
O. V. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Disturbance of the thyroid function is often detected in patients with different profiles. A special feature of patients with chronic kidney  disease is the higher incidence of various thyroid function  disturbances, especially hypothyroidism. It is known that in patients  with chronic kidney disease (CKD) iodine excretion from the body is  violated, since normally 90% of iodine is excreted in urine.  Accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic iodine leads to the  formation of the Wolf-Chaikoff effect: suppression of iodine  organization in the thyroid gland and disruption of the thyroid  hormones synthesis. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is  also disturbed, namely, deiodinase type I activity is suppressed and  peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is inhibited (so-called low T3  syndrome). Therefore, patients with CKD are often diagnosed with  hypothyroidism, and the origin of hypothyroidism is not always  associated with the outcome of autoimmune thyroiditis. The article  presents an overview of a large number of population studies of  thyroid gland dysfunction in patients with CKD, as well as  experimental data specifying the pathogenetic mechanisms of  thyroid dysfunction in patients with CKD. Therapeutic tactics are still  not regulated. However, in a number of studies, replacement therapy with thyroid hormones in patients with CKD had some advantages.

Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

scholarly journals Collagen-Based Electrospun Materials for Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Britani N. Blackstone ◽  
Summer C. Gallentine ◽  
Heather M. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Increased Strength

Collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in organs and tissues throughout the body and is used for many tissue engineering applications. Electrospinning of collagen can produce scaffolds in a wide variety of shapes, fiber diameters and porosities to match that of the native ECM. This systematic review aims to pool data from available manuscripts on electrospun collagen and tissue engineering to provide insight into the connection between source material, solvent, crosslinking method and functional outcomes. D-banding was most often observed in electrospun collagen formed using collagen type I isolated from calfskin, often isolated within the laboratory, with short solution solubilization times. All physical and chemical methods of crosslinking utilized imparted resistance to degradation and increased strength. Cytotoxicity was observed at high concentrations of crosslinking agents and when abbreviated rinsing protocols were utilized. Collagen and collagen-based scaffolds were capable of forming engineered tissues in vitro and in vivo with high similarity to the native structures.

Increase in Cell Number as a Factor in the Growth of the Organs and Tissues of the Young Male Rat

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-562
Author(s):  
M. Enesco ◽  
C. P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Young Rat

While the organs and tissues of the young rat are known to increase in size with age (Donaldson, 1924), little is known of the role played by the component cells in this increase. There is evidence that cells enlarge (Levi, 1906; Plenk, 1911) and new cells are added (Strasburger, 1893), but we do not know to what extent the enlargement and proliferation of the cells cause the growth of organs and tissues. The present work is an attempt to clarify this problem. In the past, the growth of organs and tissues has often been measured by weight gain (Donaldson, 1924). However, this approach might be misleading, since the body-weight may increase in the absence of growth, for instance as a result of fat-storage in old rats, of pregnancy in females, and even of changes in room temperature.

Comprehensive Review on Neuro-Degenerative Type 3DM

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandani V. Chandarana ◽  
Salona Roy
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Insulin Signalling ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits

: Alzheimer disease (AD) is thought to be the metabolic illness raised by defective insulin signaling, insulin resistance, and low insulin levels in the brain, according to a growing body of research. The "Type 3 diabetes" has been postulated for AD because reduced insulin signalling has molecular and physiological consequences that are comparable to Type I and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM and Type 2 DM, respectively). The similarities between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease suggest that these clinical trials might yield therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that lowering your risk of Alzheimer's dementia, whether you have diabetes or not, is still a multidimensional process involving factors like exercise, smoking, alcohol, food, and mental challenge. The current aim is to show the relationship between T3D and AD being based on both the processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein toxicity and the clearance of Aβ are the result of an impaired insulin signaling. The brain's metabolism with its high lipid content and energy needs, places excess demands on mitochondria and appears more susceptible to oxidative damage than the rest of the body. Current data suggests that increased oxidative stress relates to amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology and onset of AD.

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