The Grammaticalization & Development of the Manner Adverb 'hao' in Ancient Chinese

2013 ◽  
Vol null (59) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
박원기
Keyword(s):  
Manner Adverb

Word classes and the scope of lexical flexibility in Tongan

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Völkel
Keyword(s):  
Word Class ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Manner Adverb

Abstract Tongan is an Oceanic language belonging to the Polynesian subgroup. Based on previous work (Churchward 1953, Tchekhoff 1981, Broschart 1997), Tongan has been classified as a 'flexible' language by various typological approaches on word classes (Hengeveld 1992, Rijkhoff 1998, Croft 2001). This means that lexical items are per se not categorised in terms of major word classes, but they can function as noun, verb, adjective and manner adverb without morphosyntactic derivation. However, not all lexemes are entirely flexible occurring within all these constructions. So the crucial issue of how flexible Tongan really is remains. This question will be addressed by a survey based on a combination of syntactic and semantic word class criteria – basically following Croft's prototype approach (2000, 2001) but also considering Hengeveld & Rijkhoff's work (Hengeveld 1992, Hengeveld, Rijkhoff & Siewierska 2004, Hengeveld 2013) Evans & Osada's work (2005). It reveals the scope of lexical flexibility for various lexemes and semantic groups.

Ainsi

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Molinier
Keyword(s):  
Basic Meaning ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Manner Adverb

This article studies the adverb ainsi in its twin functions of manner adverb modifying a given verb, and of sentence adverb — here a connective. This dual functioning is characteristic of a number of adverbs, and as with them, all the characteristic properties of each of these types are verified. In both cases, the basic meaning of ainsi is that of ‘conformity’ — conformity of a manner of doing or being with another manner of doing or being, and conformity of the content of an utterance with a previously evoked state of affairs. For each of these two uses, we study the particular order of words, on occasion in relation to their character, and show that manner adverb ainsi is unique within its category in setting itself apart from other adverbial form types allowing “subject inversion”.

scholarly journals On the different interpretations of sentence-initial ainsi ‘so’ and the competition between three types of Verb–Subject order

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Lena Karssenberg ◽  
Karen Lahousse
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Manner Adverb ◽  
Preceding Discourse

Abstract This article is about different types of Subject–Verb inversion (nominal, pronominal, and complex inversion) in sentences introduced by ainsi ‘so, in this way’. We first make a distinction between four main interpretations: manner adverb ainsi, quotative ainsi, consecutive ainsi (expressing either an intentional or an unintentional consequence), and illustrative ainsi. On the basis of a corpus study, we show that nominal inversion often (but not always) combines with the manner interpretation, whereas the predominant function of ainsi + pronominal/complex inversion is to introduce an example or a consequence of the preceding discourse context. The data also contribute to the debate about the grammaticalization path of ainsi. Firstly, the unintentional consequence interpretation is argued to be a “bridging context” between manner and unintentional consequence. Secondly, given the preponderance of the illustrative interpretation, we argue that this under-researched interpretation be taken up in future diachronic and synchronic analyses of ainsi and its cross-linguistic counterparts.

scholarly journals Adverb of manner and its translations found in the novel “The Good Earth”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
I Made Juliarta
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Adverbial Phrase ◽  
Manner Adverb ◽  
Sentence Adverbs

The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb. 

From a manner adverb to a discourse particle: The case of yahari, yappari and yappa

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumiko Shinzato
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Discourse Particle ◽  
Manner Adverb

AbstractNumerous studies have been done in various theoretical frameworks on the Japanese adverb yahari, but very few considered its morphophonologcal variants, yappari, and yappa as objects of serious investigation both synchronically and diachronically. Through the analyses of corpora, this study delineates semantic and functional changes of these variants. Yahari was first attested as a clause-internal manner adverb, meaning ‘being still’, then developed a sentential modal adverbial usage, ‘as expected, after all, at any rate’. Yappari was also a manner adverbial first, and through a sentential modal, it also developed discourse particle functions. Yappa was attested much later for more subjective and pragmatic functions. The developmental order of these three as yahari > yappari > yappa has bearing on issues in grammaticalization. First, the paper argues that the yahari case lends support to Traugott’s (1995) proposal that the adverbial cline, “Clause-internal Adverbial > Sentence Adverbial > Discourse Particle” should be added to the inventory of grammaticalization because of its similar developmental path. Second, this study also shows that the yahari case is an instantiation of intersubjectification (Traugott 2003). Third, it demonstrates that the yahari case counters the generally held parameter of “syntactic scope decrease” (Givon 1971, Lehmann 1995 [1982]), and instead exhibits “syntactic scope increase”.

The polysemy of mal in European Portuguese

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
Manner Adverb

In this paper I provide a diachronic analysis of the lexeme mal, and I argue that the synchronic polysemy found in contemporary European Portuguese corresponds to different stages of the semantic change of the lexeme. Principles of diachronic pragmatics and semantic change are employed to detail the development of the different meanings. Two paths are analyzed: one, leading from the negative evaluation value as a manner adverb to the more recently semanticized meaning of temporality, specifically temporal proximity of one event to another, and a second one, leading from the manner adverbial meaning to a negation adverb, which is restricted to particular constructions.

scholarly journals The hidden side of adverbs

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Mauro Mirto
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Manner Adverb ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
A Share ◽  
Sentence Adverbs

This paper will address the predicative nature of manner adverb(ial)s and of three types of sentence adverbs (subject-oriented, modal, and evaluative) in Italian. Predication often becomes overt by means of morphological correlates. Is it possible to find any such evidence with invariable adverbs? To unveil their predicative nature, a procedure will be suggested in which two sentences, one with a -mente adverb, the other with its cognate adjective (a) share the content morphemes (identity of the signifiant) and (b) entail each other (identity of the signifié as regards semantic roles). A number of such pairs will be discussed, examples of which include: Intelligentemente, Leo intervenne ‘Cleverly, Leo intervened’ and Leo fu intelligente a intervenire ‘Leo was clever to intervene’. We aim to ascertain if the argument structure of the adjective and the semantic role(s) which it assigns can shed light on the very same properties of the cognate adverb.

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