Abstract
Twelve percent of pregnant women receive glucocorticoids (sGCs) to reduce the risks to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth in infants. The two most commonly administered sGC are Dexamethasone (Dex) and Betamethasone (Beta) and they serve to decrease the severity of respiratory distress, intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, repeated administration of sGC has been shown to be associated with adverse neurological outcome and depends on the type of sGCs used, dose, timing of sGCs administration and sex. We have previously shown that prenatal exposure to Dex in a murine model lead to sex specific changes in the transcription response and in the biological function of neural stem cells and to long-term changes in brain architecture and behavior. Beta is the predominant sGC used prenatally in the United States, therefore these studies investigated the cellular and molecular responses to beta exposure on the neural stem cells in-vitro and anatomical organization of the brain in-vivo. Murine NSCs were isolated from the E14.5 cerebral cortex and exposed to 10-7 M Dex, 10-7 M Beta, or Vehicle for 4 or 24 hours and the immediate and long-term impact on transcription, proliferation and neuronal, glial and oligodendrocyte differentiation examined. Affymetrix genome transcriptional analyses reveal sex specific responses to Dex vs Beta in 4 hours. In females 682 genes were differentially regulated by Dex compared to 576 by Beta. In contrast, 875 were altered by Dex and 576 by Beta in males (Fold change > +/- 1.5, P< 0.05). Select target genes were independently validated by QPCR. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify unique and overlapping pathways that were altered by Dex vs Beta. In males, Dex uniquely altered 34 pathways including, Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, ERK5 Signaling and Opioid Signaling while Bata altered 33 pathways including, Phagasome formation, IL-7 Signaling and JAK STAT signaling. In Females, Dex altered 45 pathways including Calcium Signaling, Serotonin Receptor Signaling and Xenobiotic Signaling, while Beta altered 46 pathways including, FXR/RXR Activation, Tec Kinase Signaling and D-myo-Inositol-5-Phosphate Metabolism. Another 35 pathways were altered by both Dex and Beta but they showed differences in genes activated or repressed. Dex and Beta, both significantly altered genes involved in proliferation and differentiation therefore the biological response of NSC to sGCs stimulation in vitro and the long term consequences of sGC exposure in-vivo was compared. Distinct differences in cell proliferation, glial and oligodendrocyte differentiation were observed. These results reveal gene targets, cellular pathways and processes that are differentially altered by prenatal Dex vs Beta exposure. Our finds may provide insights into the sex specific neurological outcomes observed in children exposed to sGCs in-utero.
Acute and chronic effects of a light-activated FGF receptor in keratinocytes in vitro and in mice