scholarly journals Assembly mechanisms of the bacterial cytoskeletal protein FilP

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. e201800290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala Javadi ◽  
Niklas Söderholm ◽  
Annelie Olofsson ◽  
Klas Flärdh ◽  
Linda Sandblad
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Sequence Homology ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Cytoskeletal Protein ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Assembly Model ◽  
Filament Bundles ◽  
Bundle Structure

Despite low-sequence homology, the intermediate filament (IF)–like protein FilP from Streptomyces coelicolor displays structural and biochemical similarities to the metazoan nuclear IF lamin. FilP, like IF proteins, is composed of central coiled-coil domains interrupted by short linkers and flanked by head and tail domains. FilP polymerizes into repetitive filament bundles with paracrystalline properties. However, the cations Na+ and K+ are found to induce the formation of a FilP hexagonal meshwork with the same 60-nm repetitive unit as the filaments. Studies of polymerization kinetics, in combination with EM techniques, enabled visualization of the basic building block—a transiently soluble rod-shaped FilP molecule—and its assembly into protofilaments and filament bundles. Cryoelectron tomography provided a 3D view of the FilP bundle structure and an original assembly model of an IF-like protein of prokaryotic origin, thereby enabling a comparison with the assembly of metazoan IF.

Plectin: A Cytolinker by Design

1999 ◽  
Vol 380 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Steinböck ◽  
G. Wiche
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Cytoskeletal Protein ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Junctional Proteins ◽  
Molecular Backbone ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements

Abstract Plectin is a cytoskeletal protein of > 500 kDa that forms dumbbell-shaped homodimers comprising a central parallel α-helical coiled coil rod domain flanked by globular domains, thus providing a molecular backbone ideally suited to mediate the protein's interactions with an array of other cytoskeletal elements. Plectin self-associates and interacts with actin and intermediate filament cytoskeleton networks at opposite ends, and it binds at both ends to the hemidesmosomal transmembrane protein integrin beta-4, and likely to other junctional proteins. The central coiled coil rod domain can form bridges over long stretches and serves as a flexible linker between the structurally diverse N-terminal domain and the highly conserved C-terminal domain. Plectin is also a target of p34cdc2 kinase that regulates its dissociation from intermediate filaments during mitosis.

scholarly journals The Future of the Basic Building Block of Telecommunications Network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibraheem Kateeb ◽  
Larry Burton ◽  
Naser El-Bathy ◽  
Michael Peluso
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
The Future ◽  
Telecommunications Network

Implementation of types of VCO

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2972-2678
Author(s):  
Akshata O. Kattimani
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Relaxation Oscillator ◽  
Phase Locked Loop ◽  
Frequency Synthesizers ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Colpitts Oscillator ◽  
Shift Keying

Abstract: A Voltage Controlled Divider (VCO) is a basic building block in most of the electronic systems. Phase-locked loop (PLL), tone synthesizers, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), frequency synthesizers, etc make use of VCO’s to generate an oscillating frequency that can be decided with the help of components. Voltage Controlled Divider can be implemented for analog applications. The project proposes three types of VCO using Electric tool and LT Spice XVII tool. The three VCO’s that are implemented are CMOS Ring Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator and Relaxation Oscillator. These circuits generate two oscillating frequencies that is decided by the circult components. Keywords: Voltage Controlled Divider (VCO), CMOS Ring Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator, Relaxation Oscillator, oscillating frequency.

Measurement: The Basic Building Block of Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-37
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Chester Britt ◽  
David B. Wilson ◽  
Alese Wooditch
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Basic Building Block

Optical Communication with Invisible Photons

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
M. Suhail Zubairy
Keyword(s):  
Optical Communication ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Communication Protocol ◽  
Zehnder Interferometer ◽  
Transmission Channel ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Obvious Feature ◽  
Interaction Free Measurement ◽  
Mach Zehnder Interferometer

It has always been a self-evident and obvious feature of any kind of communication that there should be an exchange of objects like photons or electrons between the sender and the receiver to convey any information. In this chapter a protocol is presented in which information is transmitted between a sender and receiver with no particles in the transmission channel. The basic building block of this counterfactual communication protocol, the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, is discussed. The concept of interaction-free measurement is also introduced.

Sparse Associative Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 998-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Associative Memory ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Small Probability ◽  
Hopfield Networks ◽  
New Model ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
Low Efficiency

It is still unknown how associative biological memories operate. Hopfield networks are popular models of associative memory, but they suffer from spurious memories and low efficiency. Here, we present a new model of an associative memory that overcomes these deficiencies. We call this model sparse associative memory (SAM) because it is based on sparse projections from neural patterns to pattern-specific neurons. These sparse projections have been shown to be sufficient to uniquely encode a neural pattern. Based on this principle, we investigate theoretically and in simulation our SAM model, which turns out to have high memory efficiency and a vanishingly small probability of spurious memories. This model may serve as a basic building block of brain functions involving associative memory.

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