scholarly journals International Differences in Prison Architecture

MaRBLe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Grönegräs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Major Obstacle ◽  
International Differences ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Way

This paper examines the differences between the architecture of prisons in Germany and the United States (US). While in Germany, prison design is employed to maximize the privacy of the inmates as well as their freedom of movement, in the US, the close surveillance of the prisoner is regarded as a necessary component of his strict punishment. Several American politicians, academics, activists and journalists regard the German approach towards incarceration as a model that could potentially contribute to an improvement of the prison system in the US. A major obstacle on the way towards betterment are, however, the owners of numerous private American prisons, who employ their inmates under inhumane working conditions that are comparable to slavery. Within the context of this debate, I have interviewed three architects, Edgar Muth, Michael Eschwe and Michael Wächter, who all have either been or currently still are involved in the structural design of German prisons. Their descriptions of generously equipped cells, common residential groups and modernly designed showers draw an image of a prison system the United States could have one day, if the country would be willing to learn some lessons from the German example.

scholarly journals International Differences in Prison Architecture

MaRBLe ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Grönegräs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Major Obstacle ◽  
International Differences ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Way

This paper examines the differences between the architecture of prisons in Germany and the United States (US). While in Germany, prison design is employed to maximize the privacy of the inmates as well as their freedom of movement, in the US, the close surveillance of the prisoner is regarded as a necessary component of his strict punishment. Several American politicians, academics, activists and journalists regard the German approach towards incarceration as a model that could potentially contribute to an improvement of the prison system in the US. A major obstacle on the way towards betterment are, however, the owners of numerous private American prisons, who employ their inmates under inhumane working conditions that are comparable to slavery. Within the context of this debate, I have interviewed three architects, Edgar Muth, Michael Eschwe and Michael Wächter, who all have either been or currently still are involved in the structural design of German prisons. Their descriptions of generously equipped cells, common residential groups and modernly designed showers draw an image of a prison system the United States could have one day, if the country would be willing to learn some lessons from the German example.

scholarly journals "But I Didn't Mean To": The Role of Intent in American and Canadian Anti-Preference Law

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Clayton Bangsund
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Way

In both the United States and Canada, bankruptcy preferential transfer avoidance provisions are aimed at creating equality of distribution among similarly situated creditors. However, there is a key difference in the way each jurisdiction’s regime treats the notion of intent. An analysis of each regime, using examples, illustrates the way in which Canada’s regime effectually does violence to the distributive equality policy objective, while the US regime adheres to it.

A racial re-framing of Modernity and the Jews

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Angel Adams Parham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race And Racialization ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Way

Goldberg presents a nicely argued examination that demonstrates how sociology’s foundational thinkers used the experience of Jews to make sense of the transition from traditional to modern societies. While major European theorists were either negative or ambivalent about the Jewish community, US scholars were more likely to see Jews as pointing the way toward a more modern, diverse America. The US story, however, is more complex, and Goldberg’s analysis would benefit from a deeper, more careful discussion of race and racialization. Jews’ eventual incorporation in the United States required a careful process of de-racialization that culminated in their revaluation as white. But this process was never complete. The periodic resurfacing of race-inflected, anti-Jewish acts testifies to this. If Jews, who have been admitted to whiteness, are still subject to periodic racialization and stigmatization, this strongly suggests that their experience in the United States may represent the limits of full incorporation. If so, there is little hope for other racial outsiders to ever be fully accepted into the US mainstream.

scholarly journals Comprehensible Input and Krashen's theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (39) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Robert Patrick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Comprehensible Input ◽  
The Us ◽  
Teacher Training Programs ◽  
The Way

Over the last 20 years in the United States a curious and likely unpredictable movement has been evolving in the way that we teach Latin and ancient Greek. A set of pedagogical principles known as Comprehensible Input (hereafter CI) has become a vehicle of change affecting our classrooms, our professional organisations and our teacher training programs as well as our relationships with and our positions in world language organisations. These changes to the teaching of classical languages were unpredictable because at the outset CI represented a set of hypotheses and then principles that even their progenitor, Stephen Krashen, thought of as the way into acquiring modern languages while teachers of classical languages had constructed a fortified wall around themselves built on the notion that Latin and ancient Greek were uniquely different from modern languages and, therefore, required different approaches. In many iterations of this wall, only a select cadre of students was thought (and easily demonstrated to be) capable of or even interested in mastering classical languages. This article will examine very briefly what this wave of change has been like in the Latin classrooms and institutions of the US and examine in particular the principles of Comprehensible Input: what they propose, how they are being practised in Latin classrooms, and the obstacles they encounter as well as opportunities they afford Latin programs which intend to survive and thrive in the coming years.

scholarly journals Voces femeninas en la guerra de independencia de Cuba: Lila de Luáces y Eva Adán de Rodríguez

Caracol ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 486-511
Author(s):  
Jorge Camacho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Female Survivor ◽  
The Way

During the war of independence in Cuba, which started in 1868 and lasted ten years, a number of texts appeared in Cuba and the United States detailing the conflict. All of these texts were written by men with the exception of one, published in the US, that was written by a woman. In this article I discuss this testimony and I compare it with another one published in Cuba after the war, also written by another female survivor. I discuss the way violence and the self is represented in these narrations, and most importantly how they build an archive of deeds to criticize Spain’s official (hi)story of the Cuban conflict.

scholarly journals The Lessons of TPP and the Future of Labor Chapters in Trade Agreements

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Santos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Rules Of Origin ◽  
High Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rich Countries

Linking labor standards to trade agreements out of dual concern for poor working conditions in low-wage countries and unfair labor competition in rich countries reached its high point in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The US labor movement’s opposition to TPP shows the disenchantment with this agenda. Other elements of the agreement were seen as equally important to workers: investment, rules of origin, procurement, and currency manipulation. These new frontiers for labor advocacy in trade agreements highlight the need to re-balance how trade agreements treat capital and labor. A promising, though overlooked, feature of TPP was the pressure the US exercised to encourage domestic labor reforms—formally through a side agreement in the case of Vietnam and informally in the case of Mexico. The US withdrawal set those reforms back. The hardening opposition to TPP also made clear that rich countries’ workers expected losses from trade will not be made palatable in the absence of effective domestic safety nets and compensatory mechanisms. TPP’s reception in the United States was a resounding rejection of liberal globalization as we know it, and the CPTPP, unfortunately, does not seem to chart a different path.

Images of Discipline

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-54
Author(s):  
Mary Angela Bock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
Surveillance Cameras ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

This chapter studies the way criminal punishment has been presented visually over time, starting with the last public hanging in the United States, then examining the way contemporary executions are visualized, and concluding with a discussion of the challenges journalists face in covering the prison system. The execution of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro, Kentucky, in 1936 was the last legally adjudicated hanging in the United States. An analysis of the resulting news narratives and discourse from Owensboro residents, when coupled with interviews from contemporary journalists who cover executions, suggests that while visual news practices are markedly different, the prevailing ideological constructs of law enforcement’s patriarchal legitimacy remain constant. Finally, while surveillance cameras and smartphones have offered new views into prison practices, the carceral state remains largely invisible in the news. The chapter ends with a normative discussion of journalism’s responsibilities to the audience, including people who are incarcerated.

National Report for the United States

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kilborn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Unfair Advantage ◽  
National Report ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bankruptcy Code ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

The way the US Bankruptcy Code treats executory contracts is broadly reflective of three major themes that characterize US insolvency policy generally, including in its evolution over time. First, the Code vests the estate administrator with wide-ranging power to reject and minimize the burden of unfavourable contracts, select and enjoy the advantages of favourable contracts, and even assign the advantages of favourable contracts to third parties for the benefit of the estate. This approach prevails in both liquidation and reorganization cases. In reorganization cases, the appearance usually is that the debtor is allowed to take ‘unfair’ advantage of contract counterparties, since the debtor itself, as debtor-in-possession (‘DIP’), seems to be reaping the benefits while externalizing the burdens onto individual contract counterparties. While the Code refers to the ‘trustee’ as the entity empowered to administer contracts in insolvency, the Code makes it clear that the references to ‘trustee’ are largely confined to liquidation cases, and the DIP exercises the trustee’s powers in reorganization cases.

Harry Bridges’s Australia, Australia’s Harry Bridges

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cherny
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cold War

Harry Bridges, longtime leader of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU, representing Pacific Coast workers), was born in Australia in 1901 and came to the United States in 1920. Bridges brought Australian concepts of labor and politics to the docks of San Francisco in the early 1930s and injected Australian examples into his discussions of US working conditions and politics thereafter. When faced in 1939-1955 with deportation for being a Communist, he always attributed his political outlook to his early experiences in Australia. Bridges was frequently demonized in the US press, and a similar process occurred in Australia as the press there drew upon the US press in presenting Bridges. Just as business groups and conservatives in the United States saw Bridges as a dangerous radical, so too did conservative Australian politicians let their fear of Bridges carry them into a Quixotic campaign to prevent him from sneaking into their country. However, the Australian dockworkers’ union, the Waterfront Workers’ Federation, looked to Bridges and the ILWU as inspiration and exemplar, and Bridges and the ILWU worked closely with their counterparts in Australia. With the thaw in the Cold War aecline in anticommunist rhetoric in both nations, Bridges could be celebrated in both places as a “labor statesman.”

Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-180
Author(s):  
Francine R. Frankel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
United Nations ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Us ◽  
Geneva Conference ◽  
The Way

North Korea’s attack against South Korea evoked an immediate military response from the United States, under a UN command, to draw the line against communist expansion in Asia. Once the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea, India could not sustain its policy of nonalignment on the merits but began to practice nonalignment as an informal version of neutrality justified as its commitment to seek peace in the nuclear age. When Mao prolonged the war in an effort to win total victory and force the United States out of Asia, India’s bias toward China in the United Nations met with the US decision to exclude India from the Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China, paving the way for China to assert its position as a great power.

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