scholarly journals Distributed synthesis of chains with one-way biphotonic control

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7&8) ◽  
pp. 592-598
Author(s):  
Yuri Ozhigov
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Computation ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Entangled States ◽  
Remote Points

An example of a one-way distributed computation is given in which the use of entangled states of two photons to synchronize processes gives a benefit. The process of assembling polymer chains at two remote points is considered; the quality of the assembly is determined when they are superimposed on each other. The effect of using entangled states is almost 14 percents.

scholarly journals DAMPAK SUBSTITUSI FILTER ROKOK KE DALAM ASPAL PENETRASI 60/70 TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MARSHALL LASTON

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-604
Author(s):  
Fuad Hasan ◽  
Sofyan M. Saleh ◽  
Renni Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Vehicle Load ◽  
Polymer Modified Asphalt ◽  
Cellulosic Polymer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Road construction in Indonesia in the stage of implementation has not been able to fully meet the needs of transportation, it is indicated by the presence of early failure due to an increase in vehicle load and climate change. Many attempts have been made to improve the quality of the mixture, one with a polymer modified asphalt. Cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate thousands of polymer chains, once discharged into the environment, cigarette filter making a big issue of the environmental impact. The content in the form of cigarette filter waste cellulosic polymer asitate which has thermoplastic properties, binding with plasticizers, resistant to heat and pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to study polymer modified asphalt with subtitution filter cigarettes waste into the asphalt. In this study, cigarette filter waste is substituted into the asphalt at 2%, 3%, and 4%. The aims of this study is able to know the utilization of filter cigarettes waste as improving the quality of asphalt concrete and efficient use of asphalt and waste reduction. The Impact of using cigarette filter waste higher in AC-WC mixture tend increased the parameter Marshall, especially the value of stability and MQ. The highest  MQ and stability value obtained in AC-WC mixture with 4% subtitution  cigarette filter waste and 5.81% asphalt content, those are 3107.67 kg and 112.81 kg / mm. No big changes in the VMA and density value for all substitution percentage variation of cigarette filter waste. VFA and flow value decrease with increasing the percentage of cigarette filter waste, while the VIM value tends to increase. The durability value of AC-WC mixture with and without substitution percentage variation cigarette filter waste meets the requirements, those were 90%.Abstrak: Pembangunan jalan di Indonesia dalam tahap pelaksanaanya belum mampu sepenuhnya memenuhi kebutuhan transportasi, hal tersebut terindikasi dengan adanya kerusakan dini akibat dari peningkatan beban kendaraan dan perubahan iklim. Banyak usaha telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas campuran, salah satunya dengan menggunakan aspal modifikasi polimer. Filter rokok terbuat dari ribuan rantai polimer selulosa asetat, setelah dibuang ke lingkungan, filter rokok membuat masalah besar akan dampak lingkungan. Kandungan di dalam limbah filter rokok tersebut berupa polimer selulosa asitate yang memiliki sifat termoplastik, berikatan dengan plasticizers, tahan terhadap panas dan tekanan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian aspal modifikasi polimer dengan mensubtitusikan limbah filter rokok ke dalam aspal. Pada penelitian ini limbah filter rokok disubtitusikan ke dalam aspal sebesar 2%, 3%, dan 4%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah dapat diketahuinya pemanfaatan limbah filter rokok sebagai upaya peningkatan mutu campuran aspal beton serta penghematan penggunaan aspal dan pengurangan limbah. Dampak penggunaan limbah filter rokok yang semakin tinggi dalam campuran AC-WC membuat peningkatkan pada nilai parameter Marshall, terutama nilai stabilitas dan MQ. Nilai stabilitas dan MQ tertinggi didapat pada campuran limbah filter rokok dengan persentase limbah filter rokok 4% dan kadar aspal 5,81% yaitu 3107,67 kg dan 112,81 kg/mm. Nilai density dan VMA tidak terjadi perubahan yang besar untuk semua substitusi variasi persentase limbah filter rokok. Nilai flow dan VFA mengalami penurunan seiring dengan peningkatan persentase limbah filter rokok, sedangkan nilai VIM cenderung meningkat. Untuk nilai durabilitas campuran AC-WC dengan dan tanpa substitusi variasi persentase limbah filter rokok telah memenuhi persyaratan yaitu 90%.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

The Current Situation in Chemical Stabilization of Biological Materials

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
John H. Luft
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Chemical Stabilization ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Radio Telescopes

With information processing devices such as radio telescopes, microscopes or hi-fi systems, the quality of the output often is limited by distortion or noise introduced at the input stage of the device. This analogy can be extended usefully to specimen preparation for the electron microscope; fixation, which initiates the processing sequence, is the single most important step and, unfortunately, is the least well understood. Although there is an abundance of fixation mixtures recommended in the light microscopy literature, osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde are favored for electron microscopy. These fixatives react vigorously with proteins at the molecular level. There is clear evidence for the cross-linking of proteins both by osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde and cross-linking may be a necessary if not sufficient condition to define fixatives as a class.

Resistance Monitor and Control for Vacuum Evaporation of Metals and Carbon

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe ◽  
J. Michael Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Variable Resistor ◽  
Quality Of Results ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Evaporation Source ◽  
And Control ◽  
At Will

We have designed and built an electronic device which compares the resistance of a defined area of vacuum evaporated material with a variable resistor. When the two resistances are matched, the device automatically disconnects the primary side of the substrate transformer and stops further evaporation.This approach to controlled evaporation in conjunction with the modified guns and evaporation source permits reliably reproducible multiple Pt shadow films from a single Pt wrapped carbon point source. The reproducibility from consecutive C point sources is also reliable. Furthermore, the device we have developed permits us to select a predetermined resistance so that low contrast high-resolution shadows, heavy high contrast shadows, or any grade in between can be selected at will. The reproducibility and quality of results are demonstrated in Figures 1-4 which represent evaporations at various settings of the variable resistor.

Structure and Orientation of As Precipitates in LT-MBE Grown GaAs

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 900-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Claverie ◽  
Zuzanna Liliental-Weber
Keyword(s):  
Transport Properties ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Crystalline Quality ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Lt Gaas

GaAs layers grown by MBE at low temperatures (in the 200°C range, LT-GaAs) have been reported to have very interesting electronic and transport properties. Previous studies have shown that, before annealing, the crystalline quality of the layers is related to the growth temperature. Lowering the temperature or increasing the layer thickness generally results in some columnar polycrystalline growth. For the best “temperature-thickness” combinations, the layers may be very As rich (up to 1.25%) resulting in an up to 0.15% increase of the lattice parameter, consistent with the excess As. Only after annealing are the technologically important semi-insulating properties of these layers observed. When annealed in As atmosphere at about 600°C a decrease of the lattice parameter to the substrate value is observed. TEM studies show formation of precipitates which are supposed to be As related since the average As concentration remains almost unchanged upon annealing.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in Hybrid Microelectronics

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
S. Khadpe ◽  
R. Faryniak
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Hybrid Microcircuit ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an important tool in Thick Film Hybrid Microcircuits Manufacturing because of its large depth of focus and three dimensional capability. This paper discusses some of the important areas in which the SEM is used to monitor process control and component failure modes during the various stages of manufacture of a typical hybrid microcircuit.Figure 1 shows a thick film hybrid microcircuit used in a Motorola Paging Receiver. The circuit consists of thick film resistors and conductors screened and fired on a ceramic (aluminum oxide) substrate. Two integrated circuit dice are bonded to the conductors by means of conductive epoxy and electrical connections from each integrated circuit to the substrate are made by ultrasonically bonding 1 mil aluminum wires from the die pads to appropriate conductor pads on the substrate. In addition to the integrated circuits and the resistors, the circuit includes seven chip capacitors soldered onto the substrate. Some of the important considerations involved in the selection and reliability aspects of the hybrid circuit components are: (a) the quality of the substrate; (b) the surface structure of the thick film conductors; (c) the metallization characteristics of the integrated circuit; and (d) the quality of the wire bond interconnections.

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