Graphical algorithms and threshold error rates for the 2d color code

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (9&10) ◽  
pp. 780-802
Author(s):  
David S. Wang ◽  
Austin G. Fowler ◽  
Charles D. Hill ◽  
Lloyd C.L. Hollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Clifford Group ◽  
Universal Quantum ◽  
Surface Code ◽  
Topological Error

Recent work on fault-tolerant quantum computation making use of topological error correction shows great potential, with the 2d surface code possessing a threshold error rate approaching 1\%. However, the 2d surface code requires the use of a complex state distillation procedure to achieve universal quantum computation. The color code of is a related scheme partially solving the problem, providing a means to perform all Clifford group gates transversally. We review the color code and its error correcting methodology, discussing one approximate technique based on graph matching. We derive an analytic lower bound to the threshold error rate of 6.25\% under error-free syndrome extraction, while numerical simulations indicate it may be as high as 13.3\%. Inclusion of faulty syndrome extraction circuits drops the threshold to approximately 0.10 \pm 0.01\%.

Polyestimate: a library for near-instantaneous surface code analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1&2) ◽  
pp. 1034-1444
Author(s):  
Austin G. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Code Analysis ◽  
Logical Error ◽  
Surface Code ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Library User

The surface code is highly practical, enabling arbitrarily reliable quantum computation given a 2-D nearest-neighbor coupled array of qubits with gate error rates below approximately 1\%. We describe an open source library, Polyestimate, enabling a user with no knowledge of the surface code to specify realistic physical quantum gate error models and obtain logical error rate estimates. Functions allowing the user to specify simple depolarizing error rates for each gate have also been included. Every effort has been made to make this library user-friendly. Polyestimate provides data essentially instantaneously that previously required hundreds to thousands of hours of simulation, statements which we discuss and make precise. This advance has been made possible through careful analysis of the error structure of the surface code and extensive pre-simulation.

scholarly journals The robustness of magic state distillation against errors in Clifford gates

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5&6) ◽  
pp. 361-378
Author(s):  
Tomas Jochym-O'Connor ◽  
Yafei Yu ◽  
Bassam Helou ◽  
Raymond Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Quantum Gates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Natural Class ◽  
Clifford Group ◽  
Universal Quantum

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance have provided the possibility for large scale quantum computations without a detrimental loss of quantum information. A very natural class of gates for fault-tolerant quantum computation is the Clifford gate set and as such their usefulness for universal quantum computation is of great interest. Clifford group gates augmented by magic state preparation give the possibility of simulating universal quantum computation. However, experimentally one cannot expect to perfectly prepare magic states. Nonetheless, it has been shown that by repeatedly applying operations from the Clifford group and measurements in the Pauli basis, the fidelity of noisy prepared magic states can be increased arbitrarily close to a pure magic state~\cite{Bravyi}. We investigate the robustness of magic state distillation to perturbations of the initial states to arbitrary locations in the Bloch sphere due to noise. Additionally, we consider a depolarizing noise model on the quantum gates in the decoding section of the distillation protocol and demonstrate its effect on the convergence rate and threshold value. Finally, we establish that faulty magic state distillation is more efficient than fault-tolerance-assisted magic state distillation at low error rates due to the large overhead in the number of quantum gates and qubits required in a fault-tolerance architecture. The ability to perform magic state distillation with noisy gates leads us to conclude that this could be a realistic scheme for future small-scale quantum computing devices as fault-tolerance need only be used in the final steps of the protocol.

scholarly journals The boundaries and twist defects of the color code and their applications to topological quantum computation

Quantum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus S. Kesselring ◽  
Fernando Pastawski ◽  
Jens Eisert ◽  
Benjamin J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Error Correcting Codes ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Abstract Theory ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Topological Quantum ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Surface Code

The color code is both an interesting example of an exactly solved topologically ordered phase of matter and also among the most promising candidate models to realize fault-tolerant quantum computation with minimal resource overhead. The contributions of this work are threefold. First of all, we build upon the abstract theory of boundaries and domain walls of topological phases of matter to comprehensively catalog the objects realizable in color codes. Together with our classification we also provide lattice representations of these objects which include three new types of boundaries as well as a generating set for all 72 color code twist defects. Our work thus provides an explicit toy model that will help to better understand the abstract theory of domain walls. Secondly, we discover a number of interesting new applications of the cataloged objects for quantum information protocols. These include improved methods for performing quantum computations by code deformation, a new four-qubit error-detecting code, as well as families of new quantum error-correcting codes we call stellated color codes, which encode logical qubits at the same distance as the next best color code, but using approximately half the number of physical qubits. To the best of our knowledge, our new topological codes have the highest encoding rate of local stabilizer codes with bounded-weight stabilizers in two dimensions. Finally, we show how the boundaries and twist defects of the color code are represented by multiple copies of other phases. Indeed, in addition to the well studied comparison between the color code and two copies of the surface code, we also compare the color code to two copies of the three-fermion model. In particular, we find that this analogy offers a very clear lens through which we can view the symmetries of the color code which gives rise to its multitude of domain walls.

scholarly journals Real Randomized Benchmarking

Quantum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Hashagen ◽  
S. T. Flammia ◽  
D. Gross ◽  
J. J. Wallman
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Separate Determination ◽  
The Real ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Average Error Rate ◽  
Clifford Group ◽  
Group A

Randomized benchmarking provides a tool for obtaining precise quantitative estimates of the average error rate of a physical quantum channel. Here we define real randomized benchmarking, which enables a separate determination of the average error rate in the real and complex parts of the channel. This provides more fine-grained information about average error rates with approximately the same cost as the standard protocol. The protocol requires only averaging over the real Clifford group, a subgroup of the full complex Clifford group, and makes use of the fact that it forms an orthogonal 2-design. It therefore allows benchmarking of fault-tolerant gates for an encoding which does not contain the full Clifford group transversally. Furthermore, our results are especially useful when considering quantum computations on rebits (or real encodings of complex computations), in which case the real Clifford group now plays the role of the complex Clifford group when studying stabilizer circuits.

scholarly journals Roads towards fault-tolerant universal quantum computation

Nature ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 549 (7671) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl T. Campbell ◽  
Barbara M. Terhal ◽  
Christophe Vuillot
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Universal Quantum

scholarly journals Universal quantum computation in the surface code using non-Abelian islands

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Laubscher ◽  
Daniel Loss ◽  
James R. Wootton
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Universal Quantum ◽  
Surface Code

scholarly journals GEOMETRIC PHASES AND TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM COMPUTATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
VLATKO VEDRAL
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantum Computer ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Geometric Phases ◽  
Quantum Phases ◽  
Topological Quantum ◽  
Universal Quantum ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Topological Quantum Computation

In the first part of this review we introduce the basics theory behind geometric phases and emphasize their importance in quantum theory. The subject is presented in a general way so as to illustrate its wide applicability, but we also introduce a number of examples that will help the reader understand the basic issues involved. In the second part we show how to perform a universal quantum computation using only geometric effects appearing in quantum phases. It is then finally discussed how this geometric way of performing quantum gates can lead to a stable, large scale, intrinsically fault-tolerant quantum computer.

scholarly journals Lattice Surgery with a Twist: Simplifying Clifford Gates of Surface Codes

Quantum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Litinski ◽  
Felix von Oppen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Planar Surface ◽  
Single Qubit ◽  
Control Target ◽  
Surface Code ◽  
Time Overhead

We present a planar surface-code-based scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation which eliminates the time overhead of single-qubit Clifford gates, and implements long-range multi-target CNOT gates with a time overhead that scales only logarithmically with the control-target separation. This is done by replacing hardware operations for single-qubit Clifford gates with a classical tracking protocol. Inter-qubit communication is added via a modified lattice surgery protocol that employs twist defects of the surface code. The long-range multi-target CNOT gates facilitate magic state distillation, which renders our scheme fault-tolerant and universal.

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