scholarly journals Teaching Experience: Pharmaceutical Market to Fight Against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Cristina Vilaplana Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
The One ◽  
New Treatments

As the Sars-CoV2 pandemic continues to grow, researchers around the world are urgently seeking new treatments to prevent infection, cure those infected, or lessen the severity of the disease. Although there are several recently approved vaccines, clinical trials are underway to "re-use" drugs normally indicated for other diseases. This teaching experience studies the market for 8 pharmaceutical products used to fight the pandemic (remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sofosbuvir, pyrfenidone and tocilizumab) in 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States). Through the analysis of prices and costs, we reflect on the difficulty of access to treatment according to the country. The objective is to deepen knowledge of the pharmaceutical market: (i) to demonstrate in a tangible way the differences between production costs and final prices of medicines, (ii) to perceive the difficulty of access to certain treatments depending on the country, (iii) to reflect on what initiatives should be implemented in an international emergency context such as the one we are experiencing.

scholarly journals Teaching experience: Inequalities in prices of drugs to fight against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Vilaplana Prieto
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
The One ◽  
New Treatments

As the Sars-CoV2 pandemic continues to grow, researchers around the world are urgently seeking new treatments to prevent infection, cure those infected, or lessen the severity of the disease. Although there are several recently approved vaccines, clinical trials are underway to "re-use" drugs normally indicated for other diseases. This teaching experience studies the market for 8 pharmaceutical products used to fight the pandemic (remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sofosbuvir, pyrfenidone and tocilizumab) in 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States). Through the analysis of prices and costs, we reflect on the difficulty of access to treatment according to the country.The objective is to deepen knowledge of the pharmaceutical market: (i) to demonstrate in a tangible way the differences between production costs and final prices of medicines, (ii) to perceive the difficulty of access to certain treatments depending on the country, (iii) to reflect on what initiatives should be implemented in an international emergency context such as the one we are experiencing.

scholarly journals THE EVERGREENING STUDY OF UKRAINIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Оксана Кашинцева ◽  
Mykyta Trokhymenko
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Ukrainian Patent ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Subject

The article presents the results of the research on the part of «evergreening patents» in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine focusing on the daft laws registered in the Ukrainian Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) of Ukraine. The authors analyse the criteria of patent abuse as obstacles to access to treatment, and analyse the novel initiatives aimed at overcoming such abuse. In particular, it concerns thepatentability's criteria of inventions on pharmaceutical products, the possibility to oppose the applications on inventions by a person whose rights or interests are violated by a patent application and prohibition of patenting substances as the utility models.At the level of the national legislation patent reform was initiated by the Parliament of Ukraine on the first reading by the draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (on Patent Law Reform)» as of October 10, 2019.For the national experts, drafting the mentioned Law, the necessity to provide evergreening research in the field of health care was obvious from the 2014. In 2014 year, the National Academy of Law Sciences of Ukraine in close cooperation with NGO 100 % of Life started the global research — Harmonization of Human Rights and Intellectual Property Rights in the Field of Medicine and Pharmacy. We have to stress that only the evergreening patent research in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine took near three years. The Research reflects that the gaps of the Ukrainian patent system which causes the possibility to grant evergreening patents have the straight impact on access to vital treatment. The methodology of the research is based on the Guidelines on Examination of the Patent Application in the field of Medicine and Pharmaceuticals based on the recommendations of the WHO and Guidelines for the Examination of Patent Applications Relating to Pharmaceuticals of the UNDP.Thus, the subject of the research is 132 patents covering vital medicines in the field of HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, oncology, rheumatoid arthritis and others. The basis for the research is the followings: the patented single-source medicines, the part of which in the centralized procurements exceeded $ 100,000 in 2017 and the medicines that part of which in hospital and pharmacy procurements exceeded 50 million hryvnia (UAH) in 2017. The research also includes the patented medicines which are or which were not available because of the patent status.

Pharmaceutical Companies vs. the State: Who is Responsible for Post-Trial Provision of Drugs in Brazil?

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Wei L. Wang ◽  
Octavio Luiz Motta Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Trial

This paper discusses so-called post-trial access to drugs for patients who participated in clinical trials in Brazil. Brazil is currently a relevant country for the pharmaceutical industry due to the dimensions of its actual and potential market. As a consequence, the number of pharmaceutical trials has been rising. It is the largest market for pharmaceutical companies in Latin America, the 8th biggest in the world and second only to China among the so-called BRICS’s emerging countries. The demand for pharmaceutical products in the country has been increasing by double digits over the last few years, reaching 20% in 2008. Not surprisingly, we are also witnessing a steady increase in the number of applications by national and international pharmaceutical companies before ethical research authorities for authorization to perform clinical trials of drugs.

An Overview on Covid-19: Clinical Features, Treatment and Prevention

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Ud Din Wani ◽  
Surya Prakash Gautam ◽  
Zulfkar Latief Qadrie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmissible illness produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has now quickly expanded since its outbreak in Wuhan City of Hubei region of China to the other parts of the world. In accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the spread of COVID-19 emerges typically human-to-humans through respiratory droplets within an area of 1-2 meters. Aim/ Objective: In the present perspective, we have discussed some of the measures taken to prevent and treat the patient suffering from COVID-19, and how to restrict the further spread of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Findings/results: The general clinical properties are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, tiredness, myalgia and difficulty in breathing. Presently no approved treatments for COVID-19, as of now no pharmaceutical products have been revealed to be harmless & efficient for the management of COVID-19. Various anti-viral medicines e.g. ribavirin, lopinavir, and ritonavir have been utilized supported on the familiarity with SARS and MERS. Many drugs and vaccines are currently being studied in clinical trials, jointly with the (Solidarity trial) co-sponsored by the WHO. Conclusion: The use of a mask by fit people in community areas to guard against respiratory viral disease is presently recommended by WHO. Patients must be kept in individual rooms, the rooms, surfaces and equipment should go through standard sanitization possibly with sodium hypochlorite. Consequently, apart from restricting this epidemic, efforts should be made to plan wide-ranging procedures to thwart potential outbreaks of the zoonotic sources.

scholarly journals Clinical trials in the time of a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S Ellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Health Organization

The first rumblings about a new coronavirus spreading in China were heard in January 2020. By the end of that month, the World Health Organization, recognizing the severity of the disease and the potential for global spread, had declared a public health emergency. By February 2020, cases had been identified in multiple countries, clinical trials of treatments with some biological plausibility had begun in China, and the initial steps of vaccine development were underway. In mid-March, by which time countries around the world were experiencing rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths, the World Health Organization categorized the outbreak as a pandemic. This new coronavirus was designated SARS-COV-2 in recognition of its similarity to the coronavirus responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2002–2003. The race is on to develop treatments that can mitigate the severe consequences of infection and vaccines that can prevent infection and/or diminish the severity of disease in those who do get infected. Many challenges face these development efforts. Some are similar to those faced in the past; others are new. The urgency of finding ways to treat, and ultimately prevent, the consequences of this new and potentially deadly infection has led to unprecedented focus on clinical trials.

Psychology from Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic Perspectives

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad A-L.H. Abou-Hatab
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

This paper presents the case of psychology from a perspective not widely recognized by the West, namely, the Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic perspective. It discusses the introduction and development of psychology in this part of the world. Whenever such efforts are evaluated, six problems become apparent: (1) the one-way interaction with Western psychology; (2) the intellectual dependency; (3) the remote relationship with national heritage; (4) its irrelevance to cultural and social realities; (5) the inhibition of creativity; and (6) the loss of professional identity. Nevertheless, some major achievements are emphasized, and a four-facet look into the 21st century is proposed.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

CRYPTOCURRENCY PHENOMENON IN THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Артур Анатолійович Василенко
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
State University ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Graduate Student ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

UDC 336.74   Vasylenko Artur, post-graduate student. Mariupol State University. Cryptocurrency Phenomenon in the International Monetary System. The main prerequisites of cryptocurrency emergence in the international monetary system in terms of regionalization of the world economy are defined in the article. Determination of «cryptocurrency» category was analysed from the point of two main approaches to its treatment: on the one hand cryptocurrency is admitted to be the currency equally to the sovereign currency, and on the other hand it is considered as an unrecognized virtual asset. The main consequences which arise in case of widespread use of crypto currency for the country and for the parties that agreed to use cryptocurrency were analysed and systematized. On the basis of the research, given the current trends in the world economy, the author put forward and substantiated the hypothesis to classify the phenomenon of cryptocurrency as the effects of a famous philosophical «Negation of negation law» formulated by G. Hegel at the beginning of the XIX century.   Keywords: cryptocurrency, material money, electronic money, digital currency, regional currency integration, blockchain, mining, capitalization, «Negation of negation law».

Embracing multiculturalism of Canada: the roots & the present-day realities

2017 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Valentyna Bohatyrets
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Digital Diplomacy ◽  
Equality And Diversity

The paper provides the framework for embracing multiculturalism as a source of national identity, a political ‘profession de foi’, and an engine for a government to gain positive outcomes, leading to better immigrant integration and economic advantages for any country in the world. Noteworthy, Canadian federal policy of multiculturalism, since its official adoption in 1971, is witnessed to work stunningly and in contrast to developments elsewhere – in Canada, public support for multiculturalism is seeing unprecedented growth. Currently, the diversity of the Canadian populace is increasing faster than at any time in its history; Canada’s ethnic makeup has notably altered over the time due to changing immigration patterns. According to the latest poll findings, 84% of Canadians agree with the statement that ‘Canada’s multicultural makeup is one of the best things about this country’; 61% of Canadians believe multiculturalism ‘strengthens national identity’. Moreover, released data from Environics reveals that 27% of Canadians believe ‘multiculturalism is the one characteristic about Canada that most deserves to be celebrated on its upcoming 150thanniversary. Undeniably, people around the world tend to view Canada as “good”. Importantly, the election of Justin Trudeau is viewed as an excellent opportunity to invigorate brand Canada. Noteworthy, brand Justin Trudeau is currently composed of his belief in and promotion of the values of tolerance, equality and diversity. While recognizing the value for society of the human dignity inherent in each individual, Trudeau’s government aims to push beyond mere tolerance to mutual understanding and respect. Keywords: Multiculturalism of Canada, immigration, digital diplomacy, brand, national identity, poll, ethnic groups

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