Changing BMI scores among Canadian Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, youth, and young adults: Untangling age, period, and cohort effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Wilk ◽  
Alana Maltby ◽  
Martin Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Effets Aléatoires

The objective of this study was to examine age, period and cohort effects on BMI among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, using repeated cross-sectional survey data from the CCHS (2001 to 2014). Cross-classified random-effect two-level models were used to estimate fixed effects for age and its quadratic term (Level 1), and also to estimate random effects for time periods and birth cohorts (Level 2), while controlling for the effects of Level 1 control variables: sex, model of interview and response by proxy. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that age and period effects are primarily responsible for the current obesity epidemic.L’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner les effets de l’âge, de la période et de la cohorte sur l’IMC chez les populations autochtones et non autochtones, en utilisant des données d’enquêtes transversales répétées de l’ESCC (2001 à 2014). On a utilisé des modèles à deux niveaux à effets aléatoires croisés pour estimer les effets fixes pour l’âge et son terme quadratique (niveau 1), et également estimer les effets aléatoires pour les périodes et les cohortes de naissance (niveau 2), tout en contrôlant les effets du niveau 1 Variables de contrôle: sexe, modèle d’interview et réponse par procuration. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle les effets de l’âge et de la période sont les principaux responsables de l’épidémie actuelle d’obésité.

scholarly journals Variation in Use of Damage Control Laparotomy for Trauma By Trauma Centers in the United States, Canada, and Australasia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Roberts ◽  
Peter D. Faris ◽  
Chad G. Ball ◽  
Andrew W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Ernest E. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Volume Level ◽  
Level 1

Abstract Background: It is unknown how frequently damage control (DC) laparotomy is used across trauma centers in different countries. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of trauma centers in the United States, Canada, and Australasia to study variations in use of the procedure and predictors of more frequent use of DC laparotomy.Methods: A self-administered, electronic, cross-sectional survey of trauma centers in the United States, Canada, and Australasia was conducted. The survey collected information about trauma center and program characteristics. It also asked how often the trauma program director estimated DC laparotomy was performed on injured patients at that center on average over the last year. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of a higher reported frequency of use of DC laparotomy.Results: Of the 366 potentially eligible trauma centers sent the survey, 199 (51.8%) trauma program directors or leaders responded [United States=156 (78.4%), Canada=26 (13.1%), and Australasia=17 (8.5%)]. The reported frequency of use of DC laparotomy was highly variable across trauma centers. DC laparotomy was used more frequently in level-1 than level-2 or -3 trauma centers. Further, high-volume level-1 centers used DC laparotomy significantly more often than lower volume level-1 centers (p=0.02). Nearly half (48.4%) of high-volume volume level-1 trauma centers reported using the procedure at least once weekly. Significant adjusted predictors of more frequent use of DC laparotomy included country of origin [odds ratio (OR) for the United States vs. Canada=7.49; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.39-40.27], level-1 verification status (OR=6.02; 95% CI=2.01-18.06), and the assessment of a higher number of severely injured (Injury Severity Scale score >15) patients (OR per-100 patients=1.62; 95% CI=1.20-2.18) and patients with penetrating injuries (OR per-5% increase=1.27; 95% CI=1.01-1.58) in the last year.Conclusions: The reported frequency of use of DC laparotomy was highly variable across trauma centers. Those centers that most need to evaluate the benefit-to-risk ratio of using DC laparotomy in different scenarios may include high-volume, level-1 trauma centers, particularly those that often manage penetrating injuries.

scholarly journals Getting the Within Estimator of Cross-Level Interactions in Multilevel Models with Pooled Cross-Sections: Why Country Dummies (Sometimes) Do Not Do the Job

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Giesselmann ◽  
Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Fixed Effects Estimator

Multilevel models with persons nested in countries are increasingly popular in cross-country research. Recently, social scientists have started to analyze data with a three-level structure: persons at level 1, nested in year-specific country samples at level 2, nested in countries at level 3. By using a country fixed-effects estimator, or an alternative equivalent specification in a random-effects framework, this structure is increasingly used to estimate within-country effects in order to control for unobserved heterogeneity. For the main effects of country-level characteristics, such estimators have been shown to have desirable statistical properties. However, estimators of cross-level interactions in these models are not exhibiting these attractive properties: as algebraic transformations show, they are not independent of between-country variation and thus carry country-specific heterogeneity. Monte Carlo experiments consistently reveal the standard approaches to within estimation to provide biased estimates of cross-level interactions in the presence of an unobserved correlated moderator at the country level. To obtain an unbiased within-country estimator of a cross-level interaction, effect heterogeneity must be systematically controlled. By replicating a published analysis, we demonstrate the relevance of this extended country fixed-effects estimator in research practice. The intent of this article is to provide advice for multilevel practitioners, who will be increasingly confronted with the availability of pooled cross-sectional survey data.

scholarly journals Wine Consumption in Norway: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Wæhler Gustavsen ◽  
Kyrre Rickertsen
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
The Past ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe Norwegian per capita sales of wine have more than doubled over the past 20 years, while the sales of sprits and beer have declined. These changes are likely to be the effect of changes in economic, demographic, and attitudinal factors as well as the availability of wine. We estimated age-period-cohort (APC) logit models using data from a large repeated cross-sectional survey over the period 1991–2015. The estimation results indicate substantial effects of the APC variables as well as income, availability, and attitudes. The model was used to simulate wine consumption over the life cycle in different birth cohorts. The simulation results indicate that wine consumption frequency increases by age, and younger cohorts are expected to increase their consumption frequencies more than older cohorts, which suggests an increased wine consumption over time. (JEL Classifications: D12, J10, Q13)

scholarly journals Gender-specific temporal trends in overweight prevalence among Chinese adults: a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis from 2008 to 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinmei Yang ◽  
Mohammedhamid Osman Kelifa ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Carly Herbert ◽  
Yongbo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Overweight Prevalence ◽  
Age And Cohort Effects

Abstract Background As a key health risk, the prevalence of overweight has been strikingly increasing worldwide. This study aimed to disentangle the net age, period, and cohort effects on overweight among Chinese adults by gender. Methods Data came from the Chinese General Social Survey from 2008 to 2015, which was a repeated cross-sectional survey (n = 55,726, aged 18 and older). χ2 or t tests were used to estimate the gender disparities in overweight and socioeconomic status (SES). A series of hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random-effects models were performed using SAS version 9.4 to estimate the overall and gender-specific temporal trends of overweight, as well as the association between SES and overweight. Further, a series of line charts were used to present the age and cohort variations in overweight. Results After controlling for covariates, significant age and cohort effects were observed among adults in China (b = 0.0205, p < 0.001; b = 0.0122, p < 0.05; respectively). Specifically, inverted U-shaped age effects were identified for both genders, with a high probability of overweight occurring in middle age (b = –0.0012, p < 0.001). Overweight was more prevalent among men than women before 60 years old, and this trend reversed thereafter (b = –0.0253, p < 0.001). Moreover, men born during the war (before 1950) and reform cohorts (after the 1975s) demonstrated a substantial decline in overweight, while men born in 1950–1975 showed an increasing trend in overweight prevalence (b = 0.0378, p < 0.05). However, the cohort effect on women was not statistically significant. Additionally, a higher SES was related to an elevated probability of overweight. Conclusion Gender-specific age and cohort effects on the prevalence of overweight were observed among Chinese adults. Both China and other developing countries need to pay attention to the coming obesity challenge and related health inequality. Full life-cycle overweight prevention interventions should focus on middle-aged adults, men born in the war and reform eras, and adults with a higher SES.

scholarly journals The Effects of Workplace Smoke-free Policies on Individual Smoking and Quitting-related Behaviours in China: Evidence From Repeated Cross-sectional Survey Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoxiang LIN ◽  
Chun Chang ◽  
Zhao LIU
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Workplace Policies ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective Our study aims to determine the coverage of workplace Smoke-free (SF) policies in mainland China, and to assess the relationship between workplace SF policies and Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, smoking prevalence, smoking harm awareness, and quitting intention among smokers. Methods The Logistic regression with year fixed effects is applied to the Asia Best Workplace Mainland China study, a repeated cross-sectional dataset including approximately 14,195 employees from the 2018 survey and 14,953 employees from the 2019 survey. Results 21,275 participants (73.0%) reported working under SF policies. The overall prevalence of smoking and SHS exposure were 20.3% and 52.5%. The workplace SF policy was significantly associated with lower SHS exposure (OR: 0.501, 95% CI: 0.473–0.530), lower smoking prevalence (OR: 0.813, 95% CI: 0.761–0.869) and higher awareness of smoking harm (OR: 1.756, 95% CI: 1.612–1.913). However, workplace SF policy was not significantly associated with quitting intention (OR: 0.984, 95% CI: 0.837–1.158). Conclusion Our study identified that although most companies have established workplace SF policy,the overall prevalence of SHS exposure remains very high. The findings supports the existence of spill-over effects of SF workplace policies. Regarding to triggering strong quitting intentions, the SF policies should consider provided in combination with available smoking cessation services. These findings provide valuable evidence to promote such policies in all workplaces.

scholarly journals Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Experience in Otolaryngology Residency: A National Survey of Program Directors

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Oh ◽  
Anita B. Sethna ◽  
Oswaldo A. Henriquez
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Program Directors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Case Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Didactic Lecture ◽  
Lecture Time

This article aimed to assess the depth and volume of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma exposure and education in otolaryngology residency training in the United States. This is a cross-sectional survey. A 15-question web-based survey was distributed to program directors of 106 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved otolaryngology residency programs to inquire about program size and demographics, trauma coverage, case volume, and education. Responses were collected anonymously. A total of 77 responses were received, representing 73% of residency programs. Seventy-five programs (97%) reported that their residents rotated at a level 1 trauma center, and 72 (94%) covered CMF trauma. Sixty-one programs (79%) included pediatric CMF trauma. The majority of programs (76%) allocated less than 10% of residency-dedicated didactic lecture time to CMF trauma. Residents in all programs typically logged at least 11 to 20 cases before graduation with 24% of programs averaging more than 50 cases per resident. Ninety percent of respondents described the training as “somewhat” to “very adequate.” CMF coverage by the otolaryngology department, number of cases, and dedicated didactic lecture time to CMF trauma were significant factors on the perception of adequate training. The majority of program directors felt that the training in CMF trauma was adequate. Reasons for this may include that most residents rotate at level 1 trauma centers, have exposure to pediatric trauma, encounter an adequate volume of cases, and have dedicated didactic time to CMF education.

The burden and determinants of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in an Indigenous Batwa Pygmy population in southwestern Uganda

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 2287-2298 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CLARK ◽  
L. BERRANG-FORD ◽  
S. LWASA ◽  
D. B. NAMANYA ◽  
V. L. EDGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Illness ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acute Gastrointestinal Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Southwestern Uganda

SUMMARYAcute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is an important public health priority worldwide. Few studies have captured the burden of AGI in developing countries, and even fewer have focused on Indigenous populations. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and determinants of AGI within a Batwa Pygmy Indigenous population in southwestern Uganda. A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted in January 2013 via a census of 10 Batwa communities (n= 583 participants). The AGI case definition included any self-reported symptoms of diarrhoea or vomiting in the past 2 weeks. The 14-day prevalence of AGI was 6·17% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·2–8·1], corresponding to an annual incidence rate of 1·66 (95% CI 1·1–2·2) episodes of AGI per person-year. AGI prevalence was greatest in children aged <3 years (11·3%). A multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model controlling for clustering at the community level indicated that exposure to goats [odds ratio (OR) 2·6, 95% CI 1·0–6·8], being a child aged <3 years (OR 4·8, 95% CI 1·2–18·9), and being a child, adolescent or senior Batwa in the higher median of wealth (OR 7·0, 95% CI 3·9–9·2) were significantly associated with having AGI. This research represents the first Indigenous community-census level study of AGI in Uganda, and highlights the substantial burden of AGI within this population.

scholarly journals Effect of Professional and Extra-Professional Exposure on Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Workers of the French Alps: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Virginie Vitrat ◽  
Alexis Maillard ◽  
Alain Raybaud ◽  
Chloé Wackenheim ◽  
Bruno Chanzy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
Professional Exposure

We aimed to report SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence after the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare workers, and to explore factors associated with an increased infection rate. We conducted a multicentric cross-sectional survey from 27 June to 31 September 2020. For this survey, we enrolled 3454 voluntary healthcare workers across four participating hospitals, of which 83.4% were female, with a median age of 40.6 years old (31.8–50.3). We serologically screened the employees for SARS-CoV-2, estimated the prevalence of infection, and conducted binomial logistic regression with random effect on participating hospitals to investigate associations. We estimated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 5.0% (95 CI, 4.3%–5.8%). We found the lowest prevalence in health professional management support (4.3%) staff. Infections were more frequent in young professionals below 30 years old (aOR = 1.59, (95 CI, 1.06–2.37)), including paramedical students and residents (aOR = 3.38, (95 CI, 1.62–7.05)). In this group, SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was up 16.9%. The location of work and patient-facing role were not associated with increased infections. Employees reporting contacts with COVID-19 patients without adequate protective equipment had a higher rate of infection (aOR = 1.66, (95 CI, 1.12–2.44)). Aerosol-generating tasks were associated with a ~1.7-fold rate of infection, regardless of the uptake of FFP2. Those exposed to clusters of infected colleagues (aOR = 1.77, (95 CI, 1.24–2.53)) or intra-familial COVID-19 relatives (aOR = 2.09, (95 CI, 1.15–3.80)) also had a higher likelihood of infection. This report highlights that a sustained availability of personal protective equipment limits the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate to what is measured in the general population. It also pinpoints the need for dedicated hygiene training among young professionals, justifies the systematic eviction of infected personnel, and stresses the need for interventions to increase vaccination coverage among any healthcare workers.

Intercept Homogeneity Test for Fixed Effect Models under Cross-sectional Dependence: Some Insights

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal K. Basak ◽  
Samarjit Das
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Error Component ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Dependence ◽  
Component Models

AbstractThis paper develops a test for intercept homogeneity in fixed-effects one-way error component models assuming slope homogeneity. We show that the proposed test works equally well when intercepts are assumed to be either fixed (non-stochastic) or random. Moreover, this test can also be used to test for random effect vs. fixed effect although in the restrictive sense. The test is shown to be robust to cross-sectional dependence; for both

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document